tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83475251606084264472024-03-08T15:46:28.670-08:00Psychosocial Support and DisastersThis blog is dedicated to integrate psychosocial support before, during and after a disaster into the Project Cycle. Theoretical view points from the literatue in psychiatry, psychology, sociology, environment, spirituality and anthropology will be introduced. Case studies will be shared from the authors experience in the Americas and South Asia.Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.comBlogger69125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-15976168222196080412019-09-18T06:39:00.000-07:002019-09-18T06:39:08.073-07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0.0001pt 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: #d7f2ff; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 48pt;">For Peer Review Only<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #d7f2ff; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 48pt;">For</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Psychosocial Support: A tool for empowering communities in Puerto Rico after a catastrophic event <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">CEO, Center for Psychosocial Support Solutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Alexandria, VA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Puerto Rico was affected by Hurricane Maria in September 2017, and today, hundreds of thousand of people are experiencing fear, panic attacks, anxiety and night terrors. All related to the Hurricane. The paper proposes a community based psychosocial support structure that may be integrated into the National Disaster Response plan of Puerto Rico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria, the strongest hurricane to hit Puerto Rico in almost a century, struck the Island of Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane with winds upwards of 150 miles per hour. For thirty-six hours the Hurricane crossed through the center of the town of Yabucoa in the north eastern part of the island exiting through the northwest near the town of Hatillo. Heavy winds, rains of up to 32 inches, and mudslides left the Island without electricity, potable water, access to health facilities and communication within and outside of the island. Four months later the recovery process is slowly reaching the towns located in the swath of destruction left by the Hurricane (1). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A potential program that may assist people affected by a disaster is community based psychosocial support that impacts individuals, families, the affected community, and the larger community (2). Community based psychosocial support is based on three principles: (a) of providing safety and security (b) the importance altruistic behavior of psychological, social and spiritual tithing, and (c) the importance of speaking truth to power to support the underrepresented (3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">At an individual level, the program encourages people affected by a disaster to modify behaviors that reflect helplessness and hopelessness and to use community activities to adapt behaviors that lead to the production of greater personal effectiveness. Once the affected people begin to feel a sense of freedom and enhanced capacity to move forward as a result of their new behaviors, they will be encouraged to identify a group of peers that can assess their community’s needs and assets and collaboratively plan and implement contextualized recovery activities (4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A community engagement process to involve the community was suggested (5,6).<span> </span>The following six steps were used: (A) Assessing needs and existing assets, (B) Developing a shared vision, (C) Collaborative planning and action, (D) Networking for external resources, (E) the Outputs, and (F) the Impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Assessing needs and existing assets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In this stage, community volunteers are identified, and basic training is conducted over topics of psychological first aid, participatory functional assessment (Bolton & Tang, 2002), and community mapping that includes social capital as well as infrastructure. The premise for this activity is that people affected by disaster have first-hand knowledge of what their community looked like prior to the disaster, what has happened in their community, and what should take place to recover and enhance resilience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Developing a Shared Vision<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In the initial phase, affected people were encouraged to (a) identify what activities inspire participation in all segments of the community, (b) sharing experiences, stories and traditions pertaining to how community crisis was dealt with in the past and (c) envision a future so that they may overcome the initial feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Residents in disaster areas take an active role in the identification and analysis of needs, project development, and decision-making based on their priorities and vision for their future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Collaborative Planning and Action<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Articulating strategies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In this stage, community members are encouraged to become engaged in activities that will foster their growth in an inclusive way. These activities may include but are not limited to the following: (1) provision of accurate and timely information about resources, services, and common reactions; (2) provision of human capital by the victims in the community; (3) provision of materials, cash, and labor by community residents in disaster zones and provision of technical assistance by outside stakeholders, or (4) independent action by the community residents, not external sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Once the broad strategies have been identified, the interventions are then tested. This is the time to experiment with activities and identify the best match between disaster-affected people and the appropriate broad strategies. For example, some people will engage in sharing information, while others will want to construct. Still, others will implement psychological first aid, whereas others will conduct informal educational sessions for youth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">When planning the initial interventions, the residents in disaster areas must cycle through the following five core interventions in a community based psychosocial support program: (a) providing accurate and timely information, (b) engaging in formal and informal educational experiences, (c) identifying and enhancing support and resources, (d) increasing access for all the community population, (e) monitoring, and (f) reporting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">After the initial response, the disaster affected people will be busy with initial and long term recovery of their respective places and communities. The two settings where most of the activities will occur are the community and the school. At the community level, activities include improving the environment and reconstructing places. In the schools, the efforts focus on re-establishing formal schooling for children and adolescents and conducting informal school activities for youth and adults in the community. The emphasis in this stage is getting everyone engaged in long term recovery. All projects are considered and supported by the coordinating committee, which is composed of community residents. Eventually, social capital is identified, and small communitywide projects and income generating activities can begin, and develop in conjuction with the recovery process planned by the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Usually, psychosocial support activities serve as a platform for additional activities that are more concrete in nature. This is a good time to initiate the documentation of the steps that community engagement in the recovery of their neighborhoods; in other words, the specific actions that have been taken are documented, and the changes led by the community residents are recorded. The adaptations made by the residents in order to settle into the new community life, the institutionalization of changes, and the capacity building activities are monitored and reported to the diverse groups in the community as signs of success and the ability to enhance resilience and well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Networking with external resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Usually, the community participatory process introduces needs that had not been identified or that had not been addressed for a lack of community capital. Part of the planning process is to bring to the fore the needs of “all” segments of the community. Once it is clear that external resources, technical, financial and psychosocial are needed to promote the re-construction of<span> </span>place through recovery activities, it is important for community members to approach external stakeholders and develop coalitions that will provide for the community’s ultimate goals to rebuild itself. This may include people having a home to share with their family, neighbors and community. People feel safe when they walk around the community, and are desirous to give volunteer time to improve the “place”. One area that external funds, and university research projects may help is to assist the community to rebuild itself psychologically and spiritually through the recovery of their history, community stories, and the past. Networking with the outsiders may be a way to understand where people came from, where they are now and where they see themselves moving forward.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Outputs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The steps in the process to re-establish “ a sense of place” and develop the community do not occur in a neat, sequential manner. Important actions occur in sequences that are specific to the situation. If a community is able to successfully bring about changes, their capacity to create even more community changes related to the group’s mission should improve. Among the important outputs is the generation of trust to the extent where the community shares common risks and protective factors. Multiple communities can formulate a partnership to elicit funds from an external stakeholder in order to realize new community changes and desired outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Different initiatives may work well to foster growth in one disaster-affected community than another; thus, remaining flexible in the adoption of interventions is crucial. This ensures the creation of an approach that “belongs” to community members and has been modified to fit community needs. Moreover, by changing interventions to fit local needs, community members can improve their ability to take care of their own problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Impact<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A method for field personnel to follow up on the community re-establishment of place and to determine the effectiveness of the steps toward resilience is to assist the affected communities to identify the tools that they are going to use to follow the effectiveness of their process of recovery. Some of the perceptions of the community members may be that a sense of place has been re-established, resilience has been enhanced, and community well-being is on the rise, and that small businesses are back on line. This can be accomplished by developing a score card that may include information about community mobilization; willingness to share information with all segments of the community; ability to gather information, develop, and execute recovery plans; passion for immediate community action; and a desire to share their achievements. Ultimately, these programs should help residents in disaster areas to transform from victims to victors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Essential Components for a long term institutionalized recovery psychosocial support response <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In order for a community based psychosocial support program to be effective in Puerto Rico, we suggest it follows that the following steps be taken to include psychosocial support in the Puerto Rico National Response Plan (7,8) . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Psychosocial support is integrated in the National Emergency Plan.<span> </span>Psychosocial support should be integrated into disaster preparedness and contingency planning. Capacity building workshops and quarterly drills should be considered, and all stakeholders and resources should be identified and listed <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A Lead agency is appointed. One of the Government entities should be appointed to lead both mental health and psychosocial support response. Response should be cleared at the Central level before implementing at the lowest level, the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Collaboration. Collaboration amongst all government entities is encouraged with a clear chain of command and responsibility for mental health and psychosocial support. The Lead government agency will be responsible for developing a plan and determining coordination mechanisms and responsibilities in consultation with stakeholders at the senior and community levels with a clear chain of command<span> </span>to the municipal level,<span> </span>and earmarked responsibility for psychosocial support emergency response. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>Technical material should be developed and widely disseminated.<span> </span>For use by government and non-government partners in all municipalities in Puerto Rico. If English language materials are going to be used, they should be translated to Spanish, and culturally and contextually validated and shelf ready to be used immediately. <span> </span>Availability and dissemination of guidelines and psychosocial support intervention manuals for mental health professionals working in the community in private offices, Community Hospitals, general level health staff (doctors, nurses, and community health workers, and local volunteers).<span> </span>Materials should be disseminated to human resources outside of the health field (teachers, religious leaders, volunteers). General documentation and guidance for media, general public focusing on psychosocial support issues, coping, sources of support, and available care. Guidelines for caring of children, the disabled, the disadvantaged and the elderly. <span> </span>Guidelines for family tracing, reunification and child abuse, and gender based violence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This paper introduces the psychosocial effect of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico related to the effect of Hurricane Maria in the Puerto Rican population. It proposes community based psychosocial support as a tool for immediate response and recovery. The paper also offers suggestions<span> </span>for the development of wide encompassing plans to institutionalize psychosocial support in the Puerto Rico National Response <span> </span>Plan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Conelly Holmes, R. (2017). Is been 10 weeks since Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico. Here’s where recovery stands. Washington, D.C., USA: PBS/WETA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Prewitt Diaz, J.O. (2017). Hurricane Maria, personal and collective suffering, and psychosocial support as a cross-cutting intervention. J Trop Psychol, 7, 1-7. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Prewitt Diaz, J. O. (2018).<span> </span>Individual and Community Psychosocial Support in the Immediate Response and Early Recovery of Hurricane Maria International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience,Vol.20, No. 1, pp 1-8 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: -.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Prewitt Diaz, J.O. (2013). Community based psychosocial support: an overview. In Arora, R. & Arora, R. (Eds.) Disaster Management: Medical preparedness, response and homeland security. Boston, MA: CABI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Silva Caraballo, F. (2017). Intervention of In CiCo in community response and recovery initiatives before the effects of Hurricane Maria on the Island of Puerto Rico. Trujillo Alto, PR: Institute of Sciences for the Conservation of Puerto Rico. Evaluative Report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2017). A common monitoring and evaluation framework for Mental Health and Psychosocial support in emergencies. Geneva: IASC, Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-88705228938578018562019-09-18T06:21:00.005-07:002019-09-18T06:21:54.731-07:00<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Psychosocial response to Las Casitas Volcano Mud Slides<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">November 5, 1998 to September 30, 1999<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chinandega, Nicaragua<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Basic Information</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Las Casitas Volcano-Mud Slides, October 30, 1998, Chinandega, Nicaragua, Central America<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Affiliation: Disaster Mental Health Delegate- American Red Cross<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Deployed from Puerto Rico where I was serving as DMH Coordinator in the Hurricane Georges Response and Recovery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Length of Involvement: 11 months<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Background </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">As I was growing up in a small town in Puerto Rico, my grandparents encouraged me to get involved in helping people after a storm, a fire, or a flood. My mother called this work “civic tithing.”<span> </span>I carried this lesson with me into my post-secondary studies in the fields of religion and counseling, and my doctoral studies in Educational Psychology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Since 1990, with the establishment of the Disaster Mental Health function in the American Red Cross, I have served as volunteer and deployed at least twice a year. I served as an International Delegate for the American Red Cross International Services from 1999 to 2010. During this period, I responded to human-caused and natural disasters in three continents. I was awarded the American Psychological Association International Humanitarian Award in 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">When not involved in disaster response, I served as a professor at Penn State for 12 years. At the time of the call I was the Director of Psychological Services for the Chester-Upland School District.<span> </span>On the day of the mudslides, I was serving as Disaster Mental Health Coordinator for Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.1200008392334px;"><b>The Pre-disaster Community </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The mudslides occurred in the Chinandega District of Nicaragua. <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e;">New towns were built there after Nicaragua’s revolution (1979-1990); most of the population had relocated from the Atlantic side of the country. <span> </span>The Nicaraguan government reported that approximately three-quarters of the population in the affected area came from the Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, comprising indigenous groups </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">including Misquitus, Mayangnas, Ramas, and Garifunas. The two predominant languages among this population were Misquito, and Wiswis. They were by and large involved in agrarian tasks, and most lived in extreme poverty by Nicaraguan standards. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;">The majority of the disaster-affected population was Catholic, while smaller groups were members of the four Apostolic Churches, and yet another group of healers and <span> </span>“Espiritistas” were affiliated with the Yoruba tradition. There was an itinerant priest, and two local pastors in the community. Many impacted were farm workers whose only access to survival was the weekly acquisition of basic staples from the farm owners’ stores. The population lacked a public health system. Although there were visiting nurses, most health issues were dealt with by local healers. Issues of behavioral health were dealt with by local counselors or “espiritistas” (people who communicated with the spirits) and were able to cast spells to alleviate “evil eye.”<span> </span>Most of the emergency services were provided by the Nicaragua Red Cross. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><b>The disaster </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">On October 30, 1998, as Hurricane Mitch passed through the area, the excessive rainfall triggered <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e;">a catastrophic landslide – a flank collapse of the Las Casita volcano. Las Casita is a complex and probably dormant volcano </span>located 4,600 feet above sea level with a crater that is about one-half mile in diameter. The mud covered an area about 12 miles long and 1 ½ to 2 miles wide, on the southwest side of the volcano. The towns of Rolando Rodríguez and El Porvenir were the first to be hit by the mud, which continued to flow down the side of the volcano, destroying villages, settlements, houses, and farmland in its path. The municipality of Posoltega and the town of El Porvenir were completely destroyed. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Approximately<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e;">2,000 people were killed. Another 8,000 were displaced, of which 3,448 were housed in extended shelters. In terms of property damage, 653 homes, 10 schools, and the regional health center were destroyed. </span>The affected area had lost its human, social, cultural, financial, and built capital. <span> </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e;">Most of the agricultural lands, and thus the major source of employment, were lost, as were family and community heirlooms. The survival of the affected area was now dependent on external governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><b>Thoughts pre-response </b></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;">I was sitting at the Disaster Relief Operation for Hurricane Georges in San Juan, writing my final report, when I received a call from the Red Cross HQ. The voice on the other side wanted to know if I spoke Spanish and had an updated license and a passport. I answered in the affirmative, and the next sentence was “Well, we need you in Nicaragua.” I was then offered a one-year appointment to become an International Delegate to Nicaragua with primary disaster mental health duties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;">For me personally, it meant going back home and dropping everything: taking a leave of absence from my job, putting my things in storage, and renting out my house. This phone call changed my life – what to do?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;">I was going to a country in Central America that had just been through a civil war, had a depressed economy, and where most of the population didn’t speak Spanish. I found out that mental health professionals were not readily available; there was one sole facility in the country that had a mental health clinic and ward. I was confronted with the possibility that every theory that I had read about, every practicum that I had experienced, and every consulting experience might be worthless in the setting where I was going to be deployed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;">During my briefing, I was informed that I would have an experienced counterpart from the Spanish Red Cross (SRC) joining me. We would be working in tandem with the Nicaraguan Red Cross as external consultants. As my emotional reaction began to dissipate, I began to think about what we would do in the first 72 hours, in the first week, in the first month.<span> </span>Of all stupid things, I wondered whether my blazer would be crushed in my bag, and what the people there would think of me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1c1d1e; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><b>Your response experiences </b></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">I met my SRC colleague, a psychologist, who came with a lot of experience dealing with human-caused disasters in Africa. During the flight from Miami, we prepared a work plan. Our first order of business was to meet with the pertinent authorities in Managua and get our marching orders. We both agreed that once we reached the target site we would spend some time conducting an environmental assessment focusing on resources (human, social, environmental, and built). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">After two days in Managua and a three-hour jeep ride we finally arrived in Chinadega on November 5, 1998. We were assigned a “champa” (a blue tarp with sides in a central area reserved for responders). We were to be deployed for at least 10 months to support the immediate response and early recovery. We then began our tour of the five shelter sites: Los Tololares, El Tranon, Betesda, El Bosque, and Santa Maria-El Tanque. The sites seemed to have been established where they would have greater access to roads, communication, public and health services, electricity, and educational opportunities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-weight: normal;">We held small focus group meetings. Our objective was to identify the elders, healers, and counselors in the community. We then appointed individuals, who we referred to as community facilitators, whose primary role would be to mobilize the members of the shelter site. Each shelter site had up to five community facilitators who were trusted by their immediate neighborhood group and were the bridge to external stakeholders. These personnel received a 32-hour operational training that included the following topics: (1) community mapping, (2) needs assessment, (3) non-verbal communications (4) listening skills, (5) psychological first aid, and (6) simple psychoeducation strategies. Our expectation was that each community facilitator would be respectful, sensitive to the need of each community group within the shelter sites, aware of and sensitive to cultural and traditional boundaries, and willing to learn from what the established elders wanted to share. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">To address organizational issues, we asked for a planning meeting with all of the organizations that were working with the affected population in order to get to know each other, develop a service map, and foster a harmonious environment. We were not trying to bring proposals from different groups to the table, but rather to create an environment of reflection focused on the theme of rebuilding a safe and healthy community. By the fourth day we had a community service map with five sites, and a schedule of who would be in each site and what activity they would be undertaking. As we completed the preliminary community assessment there were 22 non-governmental organizations providing some type of mental health and psychosocial support. The Ministry of Health took over the responsibility of keeping administrative control of the recovery process. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">There were at least two immediate challenges regarding survivors’ mental health. First, there were referral needs, but nowhere to refer survivors with pre-existing mental health issues. Second, while well-intentioned, local organizations’ efforts were short-lived, usually only lasting one to two days or through a weekend clinic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We spent a good part of the first month meeting with survivors and in groups with helpers who were emotionally overwhelmed with the nature of the disaster. We used psychological first aid, emotional defusing tools and activities, and referrals to the Military Hospital in Managua (some three hours away). By the second month we found that the population of helpers had reduced significantly. Thus, we recruited a cadre of local volunteers, and initiated an operational training that included psychological first aid, community assessment, and the use of locally developed tools in the form of brochures (“Share your Feelings”), posters, and community plays (a simplified version of psycho-drama). The basic messages were: rest, eat, talk, recreate in groups, and work together. We addressed two basic sets of feelings: (1) survivors’ feelings of loss, grief, and fear; and (2) expectations for the future. We assumed that the mudslides caused a temporary state of emotional upheaval where the majority of the people would cope in a healthy and normal fashion. Providing a space where the disaster-affected people were able to talk about their response, to recreate, rest, and work together would set them on the road to recovery.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We also had to consider the emotional needs of the helpers. Over the course of two months, over 100 spontaneous responders showed up at the recovery sites. Most of these people came from the capital in small brigades. They were not prepared to experience what they saw. They lacked the language skills to communicate with the affected people and thus they experienced both guilt and compassion fatigue. My colleague met with these day-volunteer groups as they were leaving and assisted them by conducting informal debriefings. One of the problems that emerged was that many of the spontaneous volunteers saw the disaster as an opportunity to show up for meals with small groups of survivors, to get rid of old clothing, to proselytize a religious belief, and in some cases to offer to hire young girl as house servant in their homes in Managua. The matter was reported to the personnel of the Ministry of Health; many of these groups left, never to return. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">In the third and fourth weeks two medical brigades from the U.S. Navy and the Honduran Army provided assistance. They attended to health needs, and dispensed vitamins, antibiotics, creams for mosquito bites, and some anti-anxiety medication and sleeping pills. Several weeks after they left there was an underground market of un-prescribed medication in the sites. Red Cross was informed about this situation by the Ministry of Health dispensary staff.<span> </span>We immediately began a campaign of psychoeducation on the effects of non-prescribed medication in all the sites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We organized a number<u></u>of focused activities to meet specific groups’ needs. One involved creating safe spaces for children. The teachers and caretakers were women or men who had lost limbs and couldn’t work in the fields, or in carpentry or road construction. This became a much-celebrated activity in the area. People who had thought that their life was through were now called “professor” by the children and parents alike. In conjunction with the World Health Organization, we organized a project called “Return to Happiness” where small groups of children wrote, drew, and acted out their stories, and small groups formed teams and played. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We also created safe spaces for community groups. One was for people who had lost limbs and were now adjusting to a new lifestyle. Another group was composed of widows and widowers and their respective families. The identified problem was that this population was dedicating all their time to helping family members adjust to the losses rather than addressing their own needs. We funded a Fun Day for this group, including a discussion about missing a significant other and letting go. They would have lunch and then some space to reflect and talk about their feelings, and at the end of the afternoon everyone would draw or compose a letter to the lost loved one which was then sent either in a balloon or through fire to their dear one in heaven. These “encuentros” (encounters) became very popular among adults in that it allowed them to share their feelings openly and normalized their “new normal” in the emerging communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We paid a great deal of attention to the importance of spirituality in the recovery process. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Survivors struggled with difficult questions such as “why am I alive,” or “why did I lose my dear ones, property, and source of work?” We were able to help them address these issues through the different religious groups and the Yoruba tradition best represented by Santeria, Orswha and Candonble practices.<span> </span>This was an essential task for us: The sooner we could contact elders, healers, and cultural counselors, the sooner we could begin providing support activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">We had a request for a tarp where the Catholic Church could hold mass during Christian holidays. The Apostolic pastors protested, and as a result, we all agreed to the construction of a large tarp that would be used at different times of the week for different religious experiences. The Yoruba followers would hold their meetings in their residential tarps; the focus was to communicate with the spirit of lost loved one. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">One essential part of our entire response was working to augment mental health and psychosocial support through local personnel. We needed to multiply the trained local community facilitators so that they could use simple tools to alleviate fear and foster resilience. Most of the tools for training were locally developed with the advice of the elders and counselors. The training was composed of assessment and community mapping; Psychological First Aid; and psychoeducation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif;">For the assessment and mapping, c</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif;">ommon reactions to the disaster were elicited from </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">community elders representing each of the language and cultural groups. The community facilitators elicited information about what situations were causing stress; was there a local name for the problem; how does it manifest itself, what causes it, and who gets it; how is it treated and how effective is the treatment; and how can the problem be avoided. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">PFA was described as a first order intervention designed to reduce disaster related stress. Our model consisted of five steps: (1) intervene immediately; (2) listen, and respond with words that provide a sense of hope; (3) validate the person’s feelings (encourage the affected person to begin to identify a personal strategy to move forward; (4) plan for next steps, and (5) refer to existing community network.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Three non-verbal <u>psychoeducational</u>tools were developed and used in Las Casitas. Each tool consisted of five parts so that the participants could use their fingers as a learning aide. The first, “Share your feeling,” was a pictorial trifold with five basic suggestions: talk to your friends, eat, rest, recreate and play sports, and work with your friends. The second tool was a pictorial trifold for “Psychological First Aid.” The five components were PIES interventions (proximity, immediate, experiential, and simple);, listen, validate feelings, plan, and refer to community support group. The third tool was a six-page booklet used for planning small community resilience-building activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">The methodology used in the training sessions was participative and interactive, with more emphasis on brainstorming, group work, role-plays, and the workshop method rather than lectures and presentations. This encouraged discussion and led to interaction between participants on the one hand, and with the facilitator and the community on the other. Each group made a list of psychosocial supports and self-care activities, as well as the mechanics of organizing group meetings and community activities. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Building on those initial capacity-building activities, my colleague and I identified the most advanced of our community volunteers, government community aides, and some of the community facilitators and began a course for mental health technicians. The focus of the two-week course was to help people understand the loss of place and how to develop a psychosocial recovery plan through community initiatives and participatory techniques. We trained a group of 20 technicians who could conduct participatory assessment, engage specific marginalized and vulnerable community groups, organize community activities that improved emotional well-being, and engage community members in “resilience enhancement brigades.” Three months later we opened a course for community mental health specialists who had a basic professional degree (teachers, nurses, psychologist, social worker). These personnel were trained in PFA, stress management and self-care techniques, non-verbal communication, and resilience development with diverse sectors of the communities. Seventeen people graduated and were left in charge of the psychosocial support program in Las Casitas as we completed our assignment ten months later. The role of the specialist was to involve the affected people in a process that is controlled by them, and responds to the resources and needs of the community. With time, this process improved community mental health using strategies selected by the people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Our final psychosocial capacity building initiative involved creating a “resilience support brigade” composed of affected people who provided cultural, linguistic, and contextual competence by identifying human and social capital among the affected people. They worked with members of the Nicaraguan Red Cross who provided management, administration, and technical support to the program. This cadre conducted rapid environmental assessments, reunited loved ones into specific camps, conducted small group activities to facilitate sharing of feelings, conducted recreation activities for diverse community groups, and organized and funded resilience projects in the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><b>Post-response adjustment</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">It is always difficult to adjust to the back-home scene after working in a major disaster. The most difficult thing for me is to share the sights, sounds, and action during the disaster with people back home so that it doesn’t sound like a series of scenes from a horror movie. One thing that helps quite a bit is taking time off to do something different. I try to take breaks during the day, and take every third day off, away from work. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">I try to switch channels to the home front – to understand what happened to the relationships that were left behind. It’s like you will never be the same, but the people that are around you have also had their experiences and will never be same as you left them. I feel like I must re-construct my physical and emotional center every time I return from a disaster experience. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Probably the most important thing I do is to keep a diary. I use my daily reports to reflect back on my own feelings, what I learned, and how I would do things differently. I check myself so that my role as a technical assistant doesn’t get intertwined with the population I am serving, in this case the Nicaraguan Red Cross. It’s kind of difficult to be in the recovery site, share meals and living accommodation with the affected people, and not get personally involved with the situation, the people, and my knowledge of the steps that need to take place to achieve the goals of community-based psychosocial support. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><b>Lessons learned</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Factor in a gestation period before jumping into response activities. My role was as an external technical advisor, not a direct provider to the affected people, although I was living in the field with the Nicaragua Red Cross personnel. It was important to conduct an environmental assessment to figure out population, including diversity in culture, language context, age, and marginalized groups. It’s also important to figure out your team’s strengths and weaknesses: How people learn, common cultural manifestation, diverse problem solving skills, and solution focused approaches. More importantly, what is expected of you as mental health workers? Define your operational parameters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tailor the psychosocial response to the specific disaster. Identify social, human and political capital. Identify strategies and activities to provide multi-dimensional psychosocial care that is considered appropriate by the diverse community groups (ethnic, cultural, social) of affected people and that also meet national and international standards. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">In your immediate response plan and moving forward into recovery, identify and proactively address barriers in access to care. But also recognize the social dimensions and sources of resilience, including utilizing community elders, healers, and religious leaders as your allies in developing a service plan that is appropriate for the whole community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Coordinate and integrate disaster response services into the country’s mental health response plan, and where possible integrate the World Health Organization and other international groups that advocate for mental health services, psychosocial support, the protection of women and children, and the reduction of stigma toward those considered different and “less-than” in the affected area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</style>Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-66831828935799601632019-09-18T06:12:00.001-07:002019-09-18T06:12:23.564-07:00<div align="center" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b>Steps for integrating the communities (group of people in a geographical space, values, context) with the Red Cross<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Latino Engagement Advisor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Mid Atlantic Division<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">July 10, 2019<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Strep 1: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Identifying, locating, and maintaining a profile of diverse racial/ethnic, immigrant, and limited English proficiency (LEP) populations within the community. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify communities based on American Community Survey, RC view, LEP maps, and visits.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify beliefs and customs, attitudes and behaviors, community knowledge and desire to protect itself.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify community assets and strengths<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Make an RC view map with these characteristics. Update the map every quarter to update community needs and assets<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step 2: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Establishing sustainable partnerships between community representatives and the Red Cross disaster preparedness process to assess, build, and sustain trust with diverse racial/ethnic, immigrant and LEP populations. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify and invite community partners (individuals that are trusted, knowledgeable and representative of all sectors of the community). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Explore opportunities for collaboration (involve Red Cross and the people in a co-learning process about prerpae3dness, increase awareness of challenges through training responders and planers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conduct training (DAT) in preparedness and response that considers SES, cultural, educational, and linguistic barriers. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ensure that community engagement and membership in the Red Cross is an ongoing process. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step<span> </span>3: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Engaging community representatives to design, implement, and evaluate emergency risk communication strategies, ensuring that they are culturally and linguistically appropriate. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Design and develop emergency risk communication that utilizes trusted sources (translate materials from Red Cross as needed—no need to reinvent the wheel <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify and use trusted community channels, both formal and informal to ensure that messages are received, understood and followed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify effective modes of communication by age group, times in the United States and sophistication with phones, or You Tube..<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Assess the cultural, linguistic and contextual appropriateness of messages. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step 4: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Developing and testing drills and exercises that reflect the community and incorporate scenarios that explicitly involve culturally and linguistically diverse populations. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conduct<span> </span>Disaster Institute for trusted community agents, and encourage a local DAT to respond to local disasters.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Engage the community to test and evaluate drills and exercises. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step 5: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Building capacity within the public health preparedness system to respond to unique needs of diverse communities. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Utilize the Red Cross translated Red Cross to build the communities disaster preparedness and response capacity that initially respond to the unique needs of the community, but that prepares the population to serve as Red Cross volunteers in a major disaster. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identify Red Cross instructors and planners that will consider the linguistic, cultural and contextual characteristics of the community and adapt the training based on those characteristics. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Develop a DAT reflective of the demographic and cultural characteristic of the community.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step 6: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Measuring and evaluating emergency plans and actions from preparedness to recovery, ensuring the active involvement of participants from the Red Cross and the community in a continual process of review. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Keep the number of activities in planning, training, and response (how many times does the local DAT respond to other localities in the larger community).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Make note of how the community uses its human, social, and cultural capital to respond to local emergencies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Make note on overall preparedness using RC view as the evaluation tool. Tajke note ass3etsw, challenges and opportunities in meeting the linguistic, cultural and contextual needs during preparedness and response activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step 7: </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Coordinating information, resources, and actions across organizations and diverse communities to maximize compliance and adherence to preparedness practices. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Catalog success, challenges and lessons learned and share widely in the community.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Share experiences, information and lessons learned with other communities and Red Cross Disaster Services.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Step<span> </span>8: The Red Cross </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ensures the capitals ( funds, people, and tools) to develop and sustain activities that strengthen the community’s ability to prepare, respond to, and recover from emergency events in tandem with the Red Cross. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Utilize funding from Red Cross for preparedness and response to engage the Red Cross with community-based representatives (community DAT), and local organizations <o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Assist the community to fund raise funds for local preparedness and response drills, and community education and preparedness.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sound the Alarm campaign, Pillow Case project in schools, and developing individual and communal disaster preparedness plans and kits. <o:p></o:p></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-43648321923481659622019-09-18T06:07:00.000-07:002019-09-18T06:07:04.729-07:00<div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Psychosocial care for riot affected people: Challenges for the caregiver<a href="applewebdata://F8D146D6-FA26-48C9-ABE8-67F2C3903FBC#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: purple;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></b></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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American Red Cross<o:p></o:p></div>
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Disaster Mental Health Consultant<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Background<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The 2002 Gujarat riotswere a three-day period of intercommunal violence in the <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_India" style="color: purple;" title="Western India">western Indian</a></span></span> state of <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="color: purple;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></span></span>. Following the initial incident, there were further outbreaks of violence in <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad" style="color: purple;" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></span></span> for three months; The <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" style="color: purple;" title="Godhra train burning">burning of a train</a></span></span> in <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra" style="color: purple;" title="Godhra">Godhra</a></span></span> on February 27, 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims returning from <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" style="color: purple;" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></span></span>, is cited as having instigated the violence.<o:p></o:p></div>
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According to official figures, the riots ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 were Hindu. <i>The Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report</i>estimated that as many as 1,926 may have been killed. Many brutal killings and <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_India" style="color: purple;" title="Rape in India">rapes</a></span></span> were reported, as well as widespread looting and destruction of property. <sup><o:p></o:p></sup></div>
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In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that many attacks had been focused not only on Muslim men, but also on Muslim women and children. The Psychosocial Support (PSP) project provided assistance to two refugee camps, Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk. Most of the clients were women and children. The women reported having been raped, and having observed violence against children. According to some refugees, children were killed by being burned alive, and those who dug the mass graves described the interred bodies as "burned and butchered beyond recognition.” The women survivors in the two camps reported that violence against women “consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into their bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts.<span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">”</span></span>he results of the project to date consist of psychosocial orientation to Red Cross fieldworkers. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Indian Red Cross volunteers were trained in techniques of psychosocial first aid and self-care. The delegation provided staff care through everyday meetings in the morning and evenings. All the volunteers were asked to talk, paint or write, and to act out their fears and frustrations in a controlled two-hour session every third day. <o:p></o:p></div>
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A cadre of twenty-two IRCS psychosocial support trained workers served in a community support role. Meetings were also held with workers from other agencies operating in Ahmadabad to share information about psychosocial worker orientation and worker self-care. Following the departure of the psychosocial delegation in April 2002, the project was put on hold until a permanent PSP delegation could be appointed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Introduction<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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This is an attempt to report some of the experiences of caregivers working among the riot affected people, predominantly women and children. This delegate had direct interaction with the PSP volunteers during daily meetings and training activities. In addition, I accompanied them to the two refugee camps on three occasions where I interacted with the affected people. <o:p></o:p></div>
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People living under the shadow of communal conflict experience stress and consequent behavioral changes. The stress is caused by a series of situations. The violence inflicted upon people in a situation of conflict prevails in different forms over a long time. The loss of family members and friends, and damage to property are just two aspects of the bitter experience. Fears of continued violence by other community members and solid segregation in the public domain are some of the reasons for anxiety and stress. The following sections examine the situation and stressors uncovered by the volunteers while interacting with the affected community.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>The anxiety of being hounded<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The violence inflicted on the survivors keeps reminding them of their traumatic experiences; they cannot forget those instances. Every discussion in the social sphere brings more depressing news. The communal hatred and prejudices are so deep-rooted that the affected people of both communities are not ready to accept each other. A sense of anger and hatred is expressed by one community member to the other community as a whole. The faith and trust toward the community to which the perpetrators of violence belonged have been shaken and replaced by animosity and distrust.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Being a secondary citizen and refugee in one’s own place<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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In a communal conflict situation, taking shelter in a relief camp makes people feel as if they have been designated as “refugees.” The difficult living conditions, such as cramped space, lack of privacy, and improper hygiene, further deepen the feeling of loss of citizen status in one’s own village, city, and state. The policies, including enrollment in the camp, daily dependence, and uncertainty of aid to run the camps, often irritate the inmates.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The constant fear of further reprisals at the hand of the state leads to continual insecurity and anger among the affected community. Many who have actually faced such hostility from the state’s arms, such as police and neighbors, feel acutely pained that they are not looked upon as citizens of the state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The affected community is often driven out of their homes and villages, and yet many have bravely stayed on. However, they do fear for their lives and safety.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Disturbed life routine<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">For the people who come to stay in the relief camps, life changes drastically. Their daily routines and lifestyles are completely disrupted. People find difficulty in performing even the simple everyday routines that they were an integral part of their lives. This offends and hurts the people deeply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The constant intrusion into their privacy is a source of tension for the people. This lack of privacy has different implications for different people. For the women it is a shock because many had previously observed “purdah”, a cultural and religious practice that involves the seclusion of women. Some women in mourning are not emotionally ready to meet others. Living in the open in a camp distressed and offended them greatly. For men the continuous stay in camps meant an increase in sexual frustrations. The adolescent boys were now at a stage of sexual awareness and the camps gave them plenty of proximity to girls of their age, something they were not accustomed to in their earlier lifestyles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Women have great difficulty maintaining their personal hygiene, especially when they have their menstrual cycles. Several women experience disturbances in their monthly cycle, which is the effect of the traumatic experience. Pregnant women and women with newly born babies are especially at risk to infections and do not receive the required pre- and postnatal care. Overcrowding and the vagaries of the weather may worsen matters.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Children have little space to play. They are no longer able to attend their old schools or appear for their exams, causing them to lose those precious academic years of study. The relief camps do not provide an appropriate environment for studying. There are constant worries, especially among the older children, about their education. Several children had been witnesses to the horrific rapes and killings of family members and friends. Some had even fought the mobs alongside other family members. Nightmares and sleeplessness were common occurrences. They would cry at the very mention of those who were near and dear to them. Others were unable to comprehend the tragedy that had struck them and were numb and silent.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As the children were displaced from their old localities and schools, they missed their old life and were not happy with their current circumstances. The sudden displacement from their homes perplexed many younger children initially. Their parents had quickly taken them away to relief camps, leaving behind their homes and all their possessions. The terrifying experience of witnessing violent crimes devastated the children emotionally, as they had not yet developed the emotional maturity to deal with their feelings. This was manifested in behavior such as constant weeping or clinging to their mothers and other family elders. Some had become silent and were terrified to be alone or in the company of strangers. Many developed feelings of vengeance toward the other community and the perpetrators of violence. Certain incidents might trigger off hidden fears and expressions of violent behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The days are usually spent sitting idly. This free time has no value attached to it. The people have no work to occupy them; instead they brood over their conditions, which in turn, only cause them greater distress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Displacement into relief camps is usually sudden and forceful. People fleeing for their lives have no time to save their homes or their assets. Therefore, when they resettle into new lives they have to start from scratch. Often they are unable to pick up pieces of their old lives, and the effort to do so only exhausts them emotionally. For instance, most displaced people had a sufficiently stocked home. Due to loss or lowering of incomes, they must now manage with much less than they once had. A woman must now manage with just one pot and a couple of plates for a family of six. These day-to-day difficulties create tensions within the families. The affected people may also become irritated by their new houses, which are often inferior to their original homes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Uncertain future<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The affected people want to resettle in ghettos, as this brings a sense of psychological safety. Some shift to their old places or begin looking for newer localities, which are perceived as “safe.” Many now live with friends and relatives or stay in rented houses while their new houses are being built. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The shift to new localities snaps old social and economic ties of affected people. Their old friends from the other community are no longer perceived as friends. As families are displaced, they lose contact with their extended family or get distanced from them. In several instances, wedding engagements are broken due to deaths or lack of finances to arrange the ceremonies. This can cause immense anxiety among the parents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">With the typically employed members of the family out of work, it is difficult to make both ends meet. The avenues of employment have become greatly reduced. They slowly lose hope of finding regular employment. Those who were gainfully employed before the violence now sit idly. At times men and youth who have been unemployed for a long period of time may display unusual anger and aggression toward family, friends and the wider society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A feeling of helplessness exists among the people as they feel that they are unable to control their lives and their futures. They may continue to live in the city or the state due to certain factors; however, the fear of persecution still persists. From a broader perspective, they worry for their safety in public life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Seeking justice<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The affected community feels immensely angry, hurt, and betrayed by the participation or support of the violence by their friends and neighbors of the other community as well as by the apathy of the wider section of the other community to their suffering. They are skeptical of the process of justice as they see the perpetrators go free while the people from the affected community are continually harassed by the police.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Those affected often fear state reprisals. The police are effectively used to harass and terrorize displaced people. They feel severe anxiety for family members who are continually harassed by the police. Young boys and men are losing out on educational opportunities and work as they wait without hope in jails. Innocent victims have been incarcerated on false charges. The process of legal compensation and justice has been slow. In fact, the victims are not spared from constant police harassment. For instance the victims of gunshot wounds are rounded up by the police on charges of creating trouble and rioting and then further jailed or harassed. As the police also instigate and abet the violence, they are looked upon as more of a foe than a friend. The fear of police harassment has forced people to shift residences or stay away from work and colleges, thus exacerbating the tensions in their lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The delay or denial of justice and constant harassment increases mutual suspicions between the affected community and the other community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Continual fear and insecurity<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As discussed previously, the affected community does not feel safe and comfortable in their present situation. Their constant fears and insecurities are a hindrance to normalization. The emotional ties between communities have become severed and they are fearful of one another. This reinforces mutual prejudices and distrust. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Therefore, the caregiver should strive to bring about community interaction and not confine oneself to looking at individuals. Individual counseling would have serious limitations in the present situation of fear and insecurity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Degree of vulnerability of members of the affected community <o:p></o:p></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The violence was brutal and it has left its marks on all, the survivors as well as the witnesses to the tragedy. The effects of the violence differ depending upon the degree of vulnerability. The children, single women, women who lost their husbands and are now the sole bread winners of their family, women subjected to sexual violence, older women and men, especially those who have no one left to care for them, and those disabled in the violence all have reacted differently depending upon the age and the type of violence and suffering inflicted on them. Several individuals were predisposed to emotional instability and they have suffered further.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">For women who now must shoulder all economic responsibilities, the trauma is very severe. They have had to cope with the loss of their husbands and other earning members of their family and also make efforts to keep themselves strong to maintain their family. Therefore, while on the outside they perform their new roles, inside they remain emotionally fragile. They have developed symptoms such as loss of appetite and disturbed sleeping patterns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain or loss of movement in limbs, paralysis, blurring of vision, etc. have been noticed more in older women and men.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The older men are filled with a very high anger and often lose their tempers without provocation. They feel helpless to control their lives and have a high sense of hopelessness. Many have lost interest in life. Those who were inclined to praying and fasting feel a great sense of injustice and betrayal. Many feel suicidal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The significant point to note is that as for most of the people, the attacks of such a violent nature were a first-time experience; therefore, they had to develop new coping mechanisms. They did not know how to cope with the anger and fear generated by this experience. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Complexity of the issue <o:p></o:p></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Man-made disasters create extremely complicated situations; therefore, the caregiver has to be extraordinarily sensitive especially to the affected community’s customs and symbols. The atmosphere of mutual suspicion and distrust makes it difficult for the affected community to accept support from the other community. If the caregiver belongs to the other community, there would be some degree of resistance from the affected community. The community’s perception of the caregiver is an important factor in their relationship. The way that a caregiver relates to the people assumes significance here. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">We were able during this assignment to ascertain the emotional needs of the survivors in two refugee camps. The population with whom we interacted was traumatized by factors briefly explained in this report. Assistance and direct involvement in the aftermath to this man-made event is beyond the scope of the current American Red Cross. The Seville Agreement clearly specifies the roles of the Red Cross partners during disasters and internal conflicts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">It is recommended that the American Red Cross (1) continue to meet with local partners, movement partners, WHO, and the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurological Sciences; (2) develop a training center for the Indian Red Cross Society volunteers that includes training in psychological first aid and community support techniques, develop simple tools in conjunction with the affected people that will facilitate the material dissemination, and train personnel (initially the First Aid volunteers from IFRC currently deployed in the earthquake affected area; and (3) collaborate in the empowerment of survivors by providing technical and financial assistance as needed to promote livelihood activities among the survivors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://F8D146D6-FA26-48C9-ABE8-67F2C3903FBC#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: purple;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>Dr. Prewitt Diaz is a Disaster Mental Health Delegate for the American Red Cross. He serves as a technical advisor for the Indian Red Cross Society. He is the only ex-patriate personnel working on the Ahmedabad Riots Recovery Program. He was posted at the Red Cross in Ahmedabad, Gujarat from March 1, 2002 to April 3, 2002. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-10831053203934818912017-12-25T08:27:00.000-08:002017-12-25T08:27:28.879-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Jesús la luz
del mundo, ilumina<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a nuestra isla con su
luz<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">(JOPD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">25 de diciembre de 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ya hace mas de 100 días que muchas personas
no tienen luz en Puerto Rico. Podemos atribuir este fenómeno a tres razones
entrelazadas: (1) limitación del pueblo en escoger lideres que tengan la capacidad
de tomar decisiones basadas en la necesidades del pueblo; (2) lideres que son
ignorantes de procedimientos para manejo de crisis y emergencias; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>y (3) una infra estructura deteriorada en el país.
Estos factores proveyeron el espacio para qué el Huracán Maria destruyera la belleza
natural de nuestra Isla. El resultado que muchos atribuyen al Huracán es la
falta de luz, el quebrantamiento físico, psicológico y social, y la dependencia
en “los de afuera para que<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nos resuelvan”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En realidad este Huracan ha proveído el
espacio para que reflejemos en Jesucristo, en el transcurso de los días angustiosos
de recuperación y en estos días durante la época navideña. Cuando el pueblo
esta mas empeñado en ponerse de pie, para mostrar al mundo que la luz de Jesús
los ilumina y señala el camino adelante, hacia el bienestar físico, psicológico,
sociológico y espiritual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Aprovechemos el espacio que nos dio el
Huracan Maria, para reflexionar sobre donde estamos hoy, el día de navidad. La
gran proclamación del día es: “Jesús es la luz del mundo” (Juan 8:12-20). Los hermanos
de las iglesias en Puerto Rico, con que he tenido la oportunidad de hablar, me
comentan como llevan a cabo los servicios de zona o cultos en las iglesias: “Con
luz de quinqués, lámparas de batería o generadores eléctricos.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Juan 8:12<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>señala que "Jesús les habló, diciendo: 'Yo soy la luz del
mundo'". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jesús es la luz de Puerto
Rico hoy y siempre. De hecho, él dice: "El que me sigue no andará en
tinieblas". Lo que significa que si lo seguimos caminaremos en la luz. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Jesús es la luz del mundo. Si lo sigues
ahora, lo tendrás como tu luz antes de ese gran día. Es cierto, él revelará tus
pecados. Que es un regalo precioso, como el afortunado diagnóstico temprano de
un cáncer mortal. Pero aún más, revelará todo lo que es hermoso. Él será la luz
en la que verá a Dios: la luz en la que ve la historia de la redención y la
obra de la salvación.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Él es la luz que ilumina <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>el Yunque, el Cerro Maravilla y La Puntita; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>el es la luz que ilumina el valle de Cayey, el
valle de Lajas, el valle del este; es la luz que ilumina al océano atlántico y
el mar caribe; es la luz que ilumina los ríos La plata, Guajataca y el Rio
grande de Loiza; es la luz que ilumina el guayacán, el cupey y el jagüey, es la
luz que ilumina al alelí, las buganvilias, y las amapolas; es la luz que ilumina
la paloma sabanera, el pitirre <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>y las
cotorras: y te ilumina a ti y a mi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Puerto Rico va a ser diferente después de
este periodo de oscuridad y tinieblas. Nada volverá a ser lo mismo cuando
tengas a Jesús como tu luz. Todo se ve diferente ante la luz de Cristo. Sí,
incluso huracanes, deslaves, falta de agua potable y de comunicación. Hasta que
su luz llene la isla como las aguas cubren el mar - hasta que destierre el
pecado, la enfermedad, el dolor y hasta la oscuridad exterior - hasta entonces,
incluso ahora, su luz te ayudará a soportar las inseguridades causadas por la
oscuridad. Será un suave resplandor consolador en tu habitación, en lo que
queda de tu casa o en el albergue, después de la pérdida devastadora. Será una
lámpara en tu camino. Revelará la cara sabia y amorosa de Dios detrás de cada
providencia que frunza el ceño.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">No importa la tribulación, ni la ansiedad
o la depresión que hoy experimentamos. Cuando lo seguimos lo tenemos a él, como
la luz de la vida. "Yo soy la luz. . . Quien me sigue . . tendrá la luz. .
"Me tendrás a mí, dice, como tu luz. Si me sigues, me tienes a mí. Soy
todo tuyo. Yo soy tu Pastor y tu Sacrificio y tu Agua Viva y tu Pan del Cielo y
tu Dios, y tu Luz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Nota la última frase de Juan 8:12:
"Tendrás la luz de la vida". ¿Cuál es la conexión entre la luz y la
vida? Juan 1: 4 da la respuesta: "En él estaba la vida, y la vida era la
luz de los hombres". La vida da la luz. La vida que Jesús tiene, y la vida
que comparte con quienes lo siguen, les da luz. Es decir, estamos muertos y
cegados a la luz hasta que la vida de Jesús nos la imparta el Espíritu de Dios,
y entonces vemos. Los ojos de nuestros corazones se abren y la luz divina fluye
hacia nuestros espíritus vivientes. Y así tenemos la luz de la vida. La luz que
proviene de la vida nueva, espiritual y reveladora: la vida que da vista al
alma ciega, la vida eterna que da visión eterna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Esto es lo que creo que significa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">El
hecho de que Jesús sea "la luz del mundo" significa que el mundo no
tiene otra luz que él. Si va a haber una luz para el mundo, será Jesús. Es
Jesús o la oscuridad. No hay una tercera alternativa. Ninguna otra luz.</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">Significa
que el mundo fue hecho para esta luz. Esta no es una luz extranjera. Esta es la
luz del dueño del mundo. Cuando llega esta luz, no solo hace que el pecado
parezca extranjero y feo, sino que también hace que todo lo bueno en el mundo
brille con su belleza plena y verdadera. Este mundo fue hecho para ser
iluminado por esta luz. Esta luz de Cristo es originaria del mundo.</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">Finalmente
Jesús siendo "la luz del mundo" significa que un día este mundo se
llenará con esta luz como las aguas cubren el mar. En ese día, todo será luz. Jesús,
el resplandor del Padre, llenará de verde luz nuestro Puerto Rico, y todo será
hermoso con la luz de Cristo.</span></li>
<li><br /></li>
</ul>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-15788683410198897702017-12-19T14:34:00.000-08:002017-12-19T14:34:27.571-08:00<div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "SF Optimized", system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.14000000059604645px; margin-bottom: 6px;">
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<b>PENSAMIENTO SOBRE LA EPOCA DE NAVIDAD </b></div>
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(JOPD)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
22 de diciembre 2017</div>
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La tradición Cristiana en su plétora de manifestaciones escoge el mes de diciembre como el período de celebración del nacimiento de nuestro señor Jesucristo. Por lo general los cuatro domingos previa a la nochebuena se comparten los temas de (1) esperanza, (2) paz, (3) gozo y (4) amor. En nuestro entusiasmo de compartir la palabra pasamos por alto un significado importante de la época que anuncia en Isaías 9:6, donde anuncia el profeta: “Un niño nos ha nacido, un hijo se nos ha dado”.</div>
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<b>Esperanza.</b> <i><b>La esperanza se manifiesta en gozo, porque se basa en la resurrección de Jesús</b></i>. Su esperanza aumenta cuando el creyente testifica de Dios. La esperanza se mantiene viva al recordar el día de nuestra iluminación. (Hebreos 10:32). La esperanza viva es activa. Se mantiene activa en nuestras acciones: (1) una devoción diaria en la lectura de la Biblia, (2) la oración, (3) congregarse con los hermanas y hermanas en estudios Bíblicos. Pablo nos recuerda: “Antes, en todas estas cosas somos más que vencedores por medio de aquel que nos amó. Por lo cual estoy seguro de que ni la muerte, ni la vida, ni ángeles, ni principados, ni potestades, ni lo presente, ni lo por venir, ni lo alto, ni lo profundo, ni ninguna otra cosa creada nos podrá separar del amor de Dios, que es en Cristo Jesús Señor nuestro” (Romanos 8:37-39). Sentimos esperanza en el nacimiento de Jesús, porque nos recuerda de nuestra salvación.</div>
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<b>Paz.</b> <i><b>La paz es fundamental para que se cumpla el propósito que Dios tiene para ti y para mi.</b></i> “¡Gloria a Dios en las alturas, y en la tierra paz, buena voluntad para con los hombres!” (Lucas 2.14) anuncia al Príncipe de paz. La paz de Jesús activa en nosotros una actitud de conquista que se manifiesta en base a nuestra respuesta ante los problemas. “Así que, sigamos lo que contribuye a la paz y a la mutua edificación” (Romanos 14:19). Mi paz os dejo, mi paz os doy (Juan 14:17) Jesucristo nos ha dado su paz. La paz de Dios en nosotros, es un estado anímico tranquilo ya que sabemos que nuestro Dios es un Dios de bienestar, plenitud, prosperidad y victoria. “Por lo demás, hermanos, tened gozo, perfeccionaos, consolaos, sed de un mismo sentir, y vivid en paz; y el Dios de paz y de amor estará con vosotros (2 Corintios 13:11)”. Jesús nos dio su paz como herencia (Juan 14:17). La paz de Dios es sobrenatural por lo cual supera lo material las circunstancias que te rodean por ello nada ni nadie te la puede quitar (Filipenses 4:7). “Y la paz de Dios, que sobrepasa todo entendimiento, guardará vuestros corazones y vuestros pensamientos en Cristo Jesús”. Dios nos dio a su Hijo para que tengamos paz. Tenemos que confiar que si Dios está en control de nuestra vida también él lo está de cada suceso de tu vida y El nos dará la salida a cada situación.</div>
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<b>Gozo.</b> <i><b>El gozo nos llega a través de un ángel: "</b></i>os doy nuevas de gran gozo que será para todo el pueblo, que os ha nacido hoy… un salvador que es Cristo, el Señor". Jesucristo es la razón del gozo de la navidad. Si nuestra vida la llenamos con Él, experimentaremos el gozo de toda la vida. El gozo es una aseveración universal. El corazón del evangelio es el texto que lee: "Porque de tal manera amó Dios al mundo.." (Jn. 3:16ª). Cuando Cristo estuvo predicando en medio del pueblo judío dejó muy claro que su misión y visión era incluir a la humanidad: "También tengo otras ovejas que no son de este redil; aquellas también debo traer y oirán mi voz.." (Jn. 10:16) La navidad tiene la misión de contagiar al mundo con el gozo que fue anunciado por el ángel. El gozo es la promesa de salvación. El ángel dijo: "No temáis; porque he aquí os doy nuevas de gran gozo, que será para todo el pueblo; que os ha nacido hoy… un salvador, que es Cristo el señor". El gozo de la noticia radicaba en el nacimiento de un niño único, extraordinario, el "verbo encarnado". Este niño que ha nacido también es "Dios con nosotros". El Mesías por tanto años esperado, el "anhelado" de todas las naciones, el "Cordero de Dios" quien vendría a quitar el pecado del mundo. Tan especial era ese niño que el ángel anunciaba "Porque un niño nos es nacido, hijo nos es nado, y el principado sobre su hombro y se llamará su nombre Admirable, Consejero, Dios Fuerte, Padre Eterno, Príncipe de Paz" (Is. 9:6)</div>
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<b>Amor.</b> <i><b>El amor es un regalo del cielo para la tierra</b></i>. El regalo mas significativo es el amor de Dios nos ha dado a ti y a mi. “Porque de tal manera amo al mundo, que dio a su Hijo único, para que todo aquel que cree en él no muera, sino que tenga vida eterna” (Juan 3:16). Dios no envió a su Hijo al mundo para salvarnos por medio de él. El que cree en el Hijo de Dios, no está condenado. Dios te ama a ti y a mi con tan gran intensidad que dio a su Hijo único, para que muriera por nuestra salvación. El viento sopla, donde quiera oyes su sonido pero no sabes ni de dónde viene ni para donde va, hay una libertad total, así es todo aquél que recibe el amor de Dios. Dios viene a dar vida al que él quiere y no lo hace para todos. Ni tu ni yo merecemos ser salvos, porque todos somos pecadores. Pero Dios amó tanto al mundo, que dio a su Hijo único, para que todo aquel que cree en Él no perezca ni permanezca en la oscuridad, sino que venga a la luz, y tenga la vida eterna. Es un regalo del cielo para la tierra. “porque Dios no envió a su único hijo al mundo para condenar al mundo, sino para salvarlo por medio de el. (Juan 3:17) ” . El amor de Dios cruza barreras religiosas, étnicas, de genero y lingüísticas (Juan 4: 7-9). Todos y todas somos hijos e hijas de Dios. El mensaje de la época es que debemos cruzar esas barreras en nuestras vidas. Al llamarnos hermanos y hermanas en Cristo tenemos que estar conscientes que los arreglos divinos operando en nuestra comprensión humana. La vida en Cristo, es movimiento y cambio. “Todo el que cree en Mi puede venir y beber… y de su corazón brotaran ríos de aguas vivos” (Juan 7:38). </div>
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Puerto Rico vive en gran penuria e incertidumbre sobre su futuro. Como Puertorriqueño y Cayeyano yo me hago solidario con mi gente. For eso he hablado hoy sobre este gran regalo, al amor de Cristo, y las implicaciones para nosotros. </div>
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Es mi oración, que nos sentémos en la mesa boricuas y extranjeros, hombres, mujeres y LBGTQI, niños y niñas. adultos y envejecientes, los menos educados y los mas educados, los pobres, la clase media y los ricos y nos envolvamos en la riqueza de ser uno en Cristo Jesús. Rompamos las cadenas que nos atan y unámonos con la fuerza que emana de la cruz. Desarrollemos de la destrucción de nuestra isla, y de la diversidad que representamos. una comunidad de amor -- es mi deseo para todos y todas en esta significativa época del año.</div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-8923288842922096602017-12-06T13:51:00.003-08:002017-12-06T13:52:32.938-08:00<br />
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><b>Si podemos aceptar la perdida, nuestra recuperación será mas rápida y podremos abrazar un nuevo comienzo </b></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><b>(JOPD)</b></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Los lugares (sector, barrio, comunidad) pueden actuar como umbrales a través de los cuales los
sobrevivientes del Huracán que han permanecido en si sitio, pueden recordar a aquellos que se han ido antes,
aquellos que han migrado y ya no son parte del lugar, y con vidas humanas y la naturaleza, nacidas y por venir. Si uno toma en serio la destrucción física y
emocional causada por el Huracán María, entonces el cuidado de "nuestro
lugar" (sector, barrio, comunidad ) es una forma de integrarnos a nuestros mundo actual que puede ayudar a crear lugares socialmente sostenibles a
través de las generaciones. A través de actividades psicosociales, las personas
afectadas se convierten en expertos residentes, pueden percibir, y dar un valor figurativo a la destrucción causada por el Huracán Maria en la ubicación geográfica el entorno ambiental de el lugar en
que habitan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Poco a poco las personas afectadas comienzan a expandir sus percepciones
de lo ocurrido-- de lo que me paso a mi a lo que nos paso a nosotros-- y abren vías en su memoria que generan posibilidades de
pertenencias compartidas entre los vecinos en un nuevo "lugar"
(barrio, sector, calle) restablecido. Estas se reflejan en reflexiones sobre lo que hemos vivido juntos (lo bueno y lo malo, lo pícaro y lo serio).</span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "-webkit-standard" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Las personas afectadas, a través de
actividades de apoyo psicosocial, aceptan la responsabilidad por la falta de
preparativos, personal y colectiva, para afrontar el Huracán, participar en actividades de duelo,
comenzar un proceso de transformación emocional y visualizar el
desarrollo de un nuevo lugar físico, emocional y ambiental como grupo. Aceptar y elaborar la pérdida se
convierte en un camino dinámico de desarrollo, donde podemos descartar las
ruinas físicas y figurativas </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">causadas</span><span style="font-family: , serif;"> por el Huracán y abrazar un nuevo comienzo, es decir, un lugar
restablecido.</span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-66562035262895967112017-12-02T19:24:00.001-08:002017-12-02T19:24:38.086-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diez semanas después del Huracan María.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">¿Como recupero el deseo de seguir viviendo?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">(JOPD)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2 de diciembre 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">La destrucción de dos huracanes (el
huracán Irma y el huracán María) en Puerto Rico en menos de un mes causó una
catástrofe nunca vista en la cadena de islas del Caribe. En menos de un mes, el
huracán María, el 20 de septiembre, un huracán de categoría 4, cruzó la isla
desde el sudeste hacia el noroeste, dejando una franja de destrucción que nunca
se experimentó en Puerto Rico. Este huracán ha creado pérdidas catastróficas de
entorno natural y construido.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Como resultado del Huracán María, el
pueblo puertorriqueño,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>comenzó a sentir
el impacto psicosocial de la destrucción: pérdida de energía eléctrica, agua
potable, comunicaciones y desplazamiento masivo a los Estados Unidos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Si bien hay intentos de reconstruir la
red eléctrica, despejar la basura y satisfacer las necesidades básicas de la
ciudadanía, ha habido una cobertura limitada de los resultados psicosociales de
este huracán en el pueblo de Puerto Rico. Este escrito intenta clarificar las
causas y la respuesta emocional de las personas, familias y comunidades
afectadas. En un esfuerzo por sobrevivir al impacto, la población afectada se
volvió muy excitada, un estado que ha durado aproximadamente diez semanas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">La mente y el cuerpo entraron en un estado
sin precedentes de mayor activación psicológica, social y neurológica. Las
personas afectadas se están enfocando en sus necesidades inmediatas,
independientemente de las relaciones preexistentes con la comunidad. Lo cual
crea un sentido de aislamiento (Tengo que bregar con esto yo solo). La
excitación y las<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alta activa los instintos
de supervivencia aumentan la actividad física y psicológica. El cerebro se
enfoca en la amenaza. La atención se centra en la supervivencia, por lo que el
cuerpo libera recursos físicos y psicológicos para hacer frente a la necesidad
inmediata de sobrevivir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">El esfuerzo es tal que la visión del
mundo se vuelve muy estrecha, por lo que la atención hacia uno mismo y la
conciencia del vecindario y la comunidad se reduce considerablemente. Ahora lo
importante para las personas afectadas es reemplazar la percepción de la
pérdida física, ambiental y social y sustituirlas por intensas impresiones que
dominan la experiencia de sobrevivir al huracán. El pueblo puertorriqueño se ha
sometido a un proceso radical de reorganización psicosocial para enfrentar el
"aquí y ahora". Su percepción de esta nueva realidad excluye el
futuro y el pasado. Es posible que un gran porcentaje de la población
experimente estrés post trauma, sino no pueden manejar los cambios
psicosociales y físicos de la nueva realidad comunal Puertorriqueña. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">El<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>proceso de "desprendimiento psicosocial" resulta en una
profunda interrupción de la continuidad preexistente y el desarrollo continuo
de los aspectos psicosociales de la vida individual y colectiva. Dado a que el
desprendimiento no es familiar, las personas afectadas no reconocerán la
interrupción psicosocial en su ser, ni tampoco comprenderán su impacto en su
futuro crecimiento y evolución psicosocial en su lugar, este desapego
psicosocial afectará la continuidad normalmente constante, que se da por
sentada y no experimentada conscientemente durante nuestras vidas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Existen tres factores que afectarán la
continuidad de la vida: (1) el sentido subjetivo de muerte inminente, lesión e
impotencia; (2) cuán inmersas están las personas afectadas en escuchar los
sonidos y la furia de los vientos, la lluvia y la ola de destrucción; y (3)
cómo ha perdurado la amenaza percibida, identificando cuándo se restablecerá la
seguridad y la protección. En el caso de Puerto Rico, han transcurrido diez
semanas y aproximadamente la mitad de la isla carece de electricidad, agua
potable y comunicaciones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nuestra expectativa referente al ciclo de
vida, es que el cuerpo humano se pierda en la muerte. Sin embargo en este ciclo
el impacto psicológico después del Huracan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>puede conducir a desconexiones corporales (síntomas psicosomáticos),
falta de interés en las sensaciones (comida, calor o sexualidad), disociación y
entumecimiento en el cuerpo, y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>experiencias fuera del cuerpo. Todos estos síntomas están asociados con
el estrés traumático causado por el huracán. El costo emocional en el
desarrollo psicosocial de los sobrevivientes tiene<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>implicaciones importantes para el futuro:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuántos de los amigos,
miembros de la familia y miembros conocidos de la comunidad han muerto,
desaparecido y dado por muerto o cuyo destino se desconoce.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">¿Dónde se encuentran los
familiares, amigos y miembros de la comunidad, quienes han desaparecido a
través de la migración o movimiento involuntario dentro de Puerto Rico, como
resultado del huracán María?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cómo nuestras vidas han
cambiado después de enfrentar la muerte y ahora muestran una pérdida de
motivación hacia el disfrute de las interacciones diarias con familiares y
amigos, y otras actividades comunitarias normales? El trabajo o profesión, la
casa, el vecindario y las posesiones ya no son importantes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Las ambiciones futuras, los
objetivos y el propósito de la vida han sido cancelados por el huracán.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">En muchos hay una pérdida de
sentido del lugar. La preparación para la muerte significa perderse a uno
mismo, causando problemas de identidad y de supervivencia, o es un cambio por
el huracán.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">El huracán María ha causado consecuencias
complejas para el cuerpo, la mente y los sistemas sociales. El desapego y la
pérdida del sentido del lugar afectan la continuidad de las relaciones
sociales. El efecto psicosocial de este huracán ha roto o degradado el sentido
físico, ambiental y figurativo del lugar que tanto apoya a las personas
afectadas y sostiene el apego al lugar y entre sí.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Después del huracán, y a pesar del lento
proceso de recuperación, las personas afectadas que permanecieron en sus
barrios y pueblos han comenzado a restablecer su lugar formando un nuevo
sistema comunitario orientado a la supervivencia donde el alto estado de
desprendimiento se transforma en una gran energía para el restablecimiento del
lugar. Las personas afectadas por el desastre están desarrollando una característica
común de la experiencia del desastre y su pérdida de lugar. Ahora las
comunidades han adquirido un significado colectivo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>el uno para el otro y para la sociedad en
general ("Yo no me quito"). Vamos mejorando cada día. El camino es
estrecho y largo pero el deseo de sobrevivir nos hace fuertes y capaces de
seguir hacia adelante y convertirnos en un pueblo mas resilientes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-26960455461737006932017-11-09T19:40:00.001-08:002017-11-09T19:41:42.649-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Si me voy pa’ya, me traes pa’ca”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdida y restablecimiento del sentido de lugar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(JOPD 11/10/2017)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La migración y la perdida
del sentido de lugar de tres mil familias tiene serias implicaciones para la
salud psicosocial de los migrantes y los que "no se quitan" (los que
permanecen, contra viento y marea). Esta decisión de FEMA ya ha causado una
gran ansiedad y un aumento en el estrés a niveles individuales y
comunitarios.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Sufre
tu perdida<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">El movimiento es tan desgarrador
como las secuelas de la re-establecimiento de lugar de miles de personas después
de el Huracán Katrina en Nueva Orleans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Algunos de los factores estresantes relacionados con la perdida de
nuestro lugar geográfico, físico y figurativo causado por la migración después del
Huracán María son los siguientes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-right: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">interrupción de las rutinas
de la vida diaria,</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">separación de familiares,
amigos, compañeros de trabajo, y la comunidad</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">preocupación por la perdida
del lugar. Cual será el estado de la casa que dejamos vacía y la comunidad que
por tanto tiempo nos abrazo y nos proveyó seguridad y sentido de permanencia,</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">pérdida del legado en la
comunidad que dejas por irte a los Estados Unidos tales como: álbumes de fotos, diplomas, trofeos y otros
artículos especiales ( por ejemplo: el altar familiar donde tu mama rezaba el
rosario cuando tu papa estaba en Corea)</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">dificultad para moverse en
una nueva ubicación a re-establecer el lugar físico y figurativo. Tengo que
dejar mi carro en Puerto Rico, y arreglármelas en transportación publica. Nunca
voy a encontrar una comunidad d fe como la que tenia en Puerto Rico, no volveré
a ver a mis amigos, ni tan poco caminar en la pista de mi pueblo donde veía a
tantos amigos todas las tardes.</span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> s</span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-indent: -0.25in;">entimientos de aislamiento
en la nueva ubicación y un sentido de que es descuidado por la sociedad y el
gobierno en la nueva ubicación y en Puerto Rico. Las personal envejecientes pueden
sentir que no tuvieron tiempo suficiente para prepararse para la migración</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Sigue
los tres pasos para la recuperación <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La recuperación de un
desastre ocurre en fases durante días, semanas y meses. Poco después de llegar
a los Estados Unidos, la familia puede comenzar el proceso de recuperación y de
re-establecimiento de su lugar. El primer mes constituye un periodo inicial de
ajuste.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Las meta es retomar control de
tu vida. Hay tres pasos generales a seguir para aumentar la fortaleza mental y
emocional de la familia. Los siguientes pasos ayudarán a todos a comenzar a
retomar el control de tu vida:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Paso
1: reconstruye la fuerza física y la salud<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Una vez que todos estén en
un lugar seguro, ya sea un apartamento nuevo o un lugar con familiares o
amigos, asegúrese de atender sus necesidades médicas inmediatas, si las hay.
Asegúrese de que todos tengan lo suficiente para comer y beber para recuperar
su fuerza física. Asegúrese de que todos duerman bien en el espacio más privado
posible. Reconstruir la fortaleza física es un buen primer paso para calmar las
emociones rotas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Paso
2: restaura las actividades diarias<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Restaurar las rutinas
diarias ayuda a crear una sensación de estar en casa mental y emocionalmente,
incluso en ausencia de un hogar físico. Rutinas simples que normalmente se
realizan juntas, como caminatas familiares, ver televisión,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">y cuentos para antes de
dormir, nos ayudan a recuperar los pedazos de la vida cotidiana incluso en un
lugar nuevo. La restauración de las actividades diarias reconstruye el sentido
normal de la mañana, la tarde, la tarde y la noche. Aunque esté lejos de su
hogar y en un país extraño, intente reanudar las rutinas diarias tanto como sea
posible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Paso
3: Fomentas comodidad en el nuevo lugar<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Los familiares son más
capaces de lidiar con el estrés de la reubicación cuando están cómodos e
informados. La comodidad se puede aumentar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">• Proporciona a la familia
información sobre otros familiares, amigos en tu nuevo lugar en los Estados
Unidos y Puerto Rico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">• Expresa afecto por los
miembros de tu familia, en la forma en que la familia normalmente muestra
afecto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">• Habla y comparte, cuando
estés listo, las emociones asociadas con el desastre y la migración a los
Estados Unidos, como los sentimientos de pérdida, la ausencia del hogar y la
preocupación por los miembros de la familia, los amigos y las actividades
comunitarias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Re-establece
tu sentido lugar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La reconstrucción emocional
y el desarrollo psicosocial se logra de dos maneras. La primera es evalúa y
reconoce todas las pérdidas físicas y emocionales que la familia han
experimentado en este proceso de despego, y a través del dialogo con amigos y
familiares comienza a identificar el significado emocional de la migración para
ti. La segunda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>requiere que desarrolles
una comprensión emocional de la experiencia del desastre y el significado de la
perdida del lugar en Puerto Rico. De esa manera<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>podrás re-establecer la vida familiar y un nuevo sentido de lugar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Este es un<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>proceso de curación natural que depende de hablar con los amigos y
buscar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ayuda práctica y emocional de
familiares, amigos, y la comunidad. Esto te ayuda a desarrollar un circulo de protección
personal y colectiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-34521662997366631622017-11-09T05:41:00.001-08:002017-11-09T05:43:07.449-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reubicación de tres mil familias a los
Estados Unidos puede ser un programa dentro de la ley pero<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>con potenciales efectos psicológicos desastrosos
en la población<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">(JOPD 11/8/2017)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Esta mañana desperté con la
noticia de que unas 3,000 familias Puertorriqueñas van a ser transportadas a
los estados de Florida y Nueva York. Tuve reacciones opuestas. La primera, la
cual descarté inmediatamente fue el movimiento de judíos a los campos de concentración
en la 2daa guerra mundial. La segunda reacción, la cual comparto con ustedes en
este<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>breve escrito tiene que ver con el
danos emocionales a largo plazo en los migrantes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La literatura científica sobre
el mismo experimento con sobrevivientes del huracan Katrina indica una cantidad
de estresores en los migrantes de Luisiana a Nueva Jersey y Tejas. Muchas de estas
personas nunca regresaron a Nueva Orleans, la incidencia de educación especial
en niños y niñas re-ubicadas por Katrina es mayor que la población general. En
los adulto el estres post trauma (PTSD) y otras secuelas a largo plazo están bien
documentadas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ahora bien hablemos de las
3,000 familias Puertorriqueñas: hablan un idioma diferente, nuestras relaciones
sociales son diferentes, estamos a vivir una vida donde la llamada “cortesía Puertorriqueña”
prevalece, vivimos en familias extendidas, la educación se lleva a cabo n Español,
y la parlanza publica es el “orgullo Boricua”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">De acuerdo a la prensa FEMA
va a desarrollar un plan para reubicar a estas familias. Me pregunto quien esta
pensando en las consecuencias de esta acción,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>en un grupo de persona de <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>un país
a otro, de una cultura a otra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Quizás los planificadores
deben pensar en: (1) condiciones de vivienda, (2) quien toma la decisión de
donde desean mudarse, (3) han pensado del aislamiento social y psicológico, (4)
como van a cambiar los roles familiares (roles de adultos y de niños y niñas), la
incertidumbre—el mayor de los factores estresantes, (4) in impacto e la relación
entre la familia migrante y las instituciones que los reciben, (5) como
resuelven el estar atrapado en el ciclo migratorio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La verdad que el Huracan María
a cambiado las cosas al revés. Ya en Puerto Rico se deben estar haciendo los
preparativos navideños, donde todos se preparan a recibir familiares y amigos
para celebrar el nacimiento de el niño Jesús. Ahora nos tenemos que preparar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nosotros a recibir a las familias Puertorriqueñas
empujadas de su lar nativo por una decisión de FEMA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Solamente nos queda orar por
aquellos que vamos a recibir, que podamos proveer un lugar en el establo, y que
esta decisión que parece ser horrible, nos traiga bienandanza en los meses por
venir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-71601084919705170182017-10-28T18:28:00.001-07:002017-10-28T18:42:13.296-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Four Recommendations to integrate psychosocial support as a cross cutting theme Hurricane Maria response </b></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD, LPC<br />
CEO</div>
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Center for Psychosocial Solutions </div>
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Alexandra, VA 22310 </div>
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<b>Introduction</b> </div>
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The impact of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico (September 20, 2017) resulted in total destruction of the infrastructure, and a significant loss of life. The level of previous disaster exposure and preparedness varied considerably in the last 50 years and gave disaster planners at FEMA and PREPA (the local disaster management agency) a false sense of their capacity to manage the impending disaster. Contingency planning was inadequate at best. From my optic, tailoring psychosocial disaster responses to this specific disaster, would have alleviated emotional suffering to thousands of island residents. While many previous disasters shared many characteristics as potentially traumatic events, distinct variations in the type, scope, and population impact of these events and the structure of existing health service systems highlighted the need to tailor psychosocial responses.
For example, hospitals were without light in most of the island. The road infrastructure was damage, and transportation of emergency vehicles, including ambulances, was limited to none existent. In some locations of the Central Mountain region access is still limited, as I write this commentary, one month after the Hurricane. A large portion of mental health providers were survivors and would not return to their offices until the curfew was lifted, three weeks after the Hurricane. The impact of Hurricane Maria required the mobilization of local, national, and international resources to address the basic needs of the population. </div>
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<b>1. Tailor the mental health and psychosocial support response to the disaster</b> </div>
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It will take sometime to fully implement a mental health and psychosocial support program that addresses issues of traumatic stress as well as well as community social and emotional needs. These services, when implemented, will have to be tailored to the geographic areas, the perceived extent of loss, and the affected population, pre-existing mental health services, and cultural factors associated to mental health and psychosocial support. These are all predictors of post- and peritraumatic stress. Some natural disasters that destroy large parts of the infrastructure and lead to the break-up and dispersion of communities are also accompanied by very substantial mental health impacts (Galea, Brewin, Gruber, Jones and others, 2007). There are a variety of risk and resilience factors that need to be considered when planning the psychosocial response to disasters (Bonanno, Brewin, Kaniasty & LaGreca, 2010), such as Hurricane Maria. For example, the American Red Cross response practical assistance such as linking, first aid, a psychological first aid. By the second week after the Hurricane the response included psycho education, crisis and grief counseling to family members, and first responders, and the wider community. In the coming weeks as local facilities begin to operate the Red Cross will be making referrals for those in need of long-term care. </div>
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<b>2. Target at-risk population groups</b> </div>
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The identification and targeting of support at particular at-risk groups constituted a key task for disaster responses. All responses sought to target direct disaster survivors and
Other at-risk groups. Population based psychosocial support needs assessment and health surveillance of high-risk groups are of immense practical importance to estimating psychosocial service needs and targeting interventions following disaster. It is important that we draw lessons from earlier catastrophes and integrate them in the service delivery to affected populations.
Barriers in access to care (providing basic needs, and psychosocial support) have been identified in the Central and south east and west part of Puerto Rico. These barriers included aspects associated with the disaster response such as the identification of survivors, limitations of existing referral pathways, destroyed infrastructure, and other difficulties in accessing appropriate care. Screening provides a mechanism to identify survivors in need of treatment and to target interventions. For example, the American Red Cross has provided psychological first aid and psycho-education with information on disaster mental health care, self-care, and available services. Future attempts to improve service accessibility may need to take into account other factors (such as gender, age, disability, socio-economic status, language, or culture) that can impact on access to disaster care. </div>
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<b>3. Recognize the social dimensions and sources of resilience</b> </div>
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Large hurricane responses in Puerto Rico such as Hugo and Andrew, highlighted the efforts to promote a positive recovery environment that is based on the knowledge of the social and the language and contextual dimensions of resilience and recovery within the context of Puerto Rico. Planners and responders need to acknowledge the importance of the Puerto Rican diaspora to the mainland and their immediate response to the affected population in the Island. They also have to acknowledge that recovery is different for the urban metro area than for the millions who live in small towns and the central mountain regions.
From the psychosocial perspective it is important it is important to understand the place of community-level and self-help initiatives that needed to be recognized and fostered within disaster response planning alongside more formal psychosocial support strategies. Social support and bonding are important also to reduce negative psychosocial outcomes after trauma. One of the key tasks for disaster response planners therefore consists in recognizing both the value of existing and emerging support networks of those affected by disaster (as well as their limitations) within a broader framework of psychosocial disaster care. In this context, community-and family based supports and targeted capacity building initiatives deserve particular consideration (SPHERE Project 2012; Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2007). </div>
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<b>4. Coordinate disaster response services appropriately</b> </div>
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Hurricane Maria is probably the largest scale psychosocial disaster in the United States. Large-scale psychosocial disaster responses require coordinated efforts to address multiple competing demands in chaotic circumstances. These demands include the need to ensure the continuity of existing health services, establish enhanced psychosocial services for the disaster-affected population, coordinate response agencies, integrate international resources, monitor population disaster impacts, and outcomes of response services.
To efficiently address the psychosocial support and mental health needs following Hurricane Maria, it was/is vital that national frameworks (FEMA & PREMA) for psychosocial disaster response exist, that integrate firmly with prevailing health emergency services and disaster response arrangements. Hurricane Maria needed integration of psychosocial support from the outset of the response and into recovery activities. The integration of psychosocial disaster response services with existing health services can increase their sustainability and facilitate a return to ‘‘normality’’ over time. </div>
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<b>Reference</b> </div>
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Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & LaGreca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and
resilience in individuals, families, and communities. <i>Psychological Science in the Public Interest</i>, 11(1), 1_49. </div>
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Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Gruber, M., Jones, R. T., King, D., King, L., et al. (2007). Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina. <i>Archives of General Psychiatry,</i> 64, 1427_1434.</div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-77769474990019499982017-10-27T16:20:00.001-07:002017-10-27T16:20:03.878-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tercera
destreza: Promueve actividades positivas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joseph O. Prewitt Díaz, PhD, LPC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asesor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salud Mental en Desastres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cruz Roja Americana <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington, DC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introducción<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Después de el Huracan María, los sobrevivientes
pueden beneficiarse participando en actividades que previamente encontraron
divertidas o gratificante. </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: #FFFFCC; border: solid #EEEECC 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: solid #EEEECC .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estas actividades también pueden ayudar a
los sobrevivientes con el sentido tristeza, desesperanza o una</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> falta general de energía. Esta intervención les recuerda
a los sobrevivientes que se han sentido muy afligidos y cansados por el trajín
diario, en el transcurso de este mes, como resultado de el proceso de
recuperación por las secuelas del Huracan y los reajustes a </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">la perdida del agua, luz, y comunicación.
Además de todas las actividades adicionales necesarias</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> para nuestra </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">salud y para las relaciones con
familiares y </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vecinos.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Los desastres a menudo interrumpen las rutinas y
actividades normales que proporcionan una sensación de propósito, control y
placer a nuestras vidas. Las actividades positivas pueden ayudarnos a reiniciar
nuestras vidas y darle un giro a nuestra percepción de que podemos
re-establecer nuestro hogar, vecindario y comunidad. Podemos regresar </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">a la normalidad. Actividades</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tales como: participar en pasatiempo con
nuestras familias, ayudar a otros, restablecer las rutinas familiares, y
participar en actividades comunitarias,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mejoran nuestro estado de ánimo y restauran nuestro sentido de control.</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Después de un desastre, las cosas cambian tanto
que puede sentirse como si empezamos nuestras vidas nuevamente.
Nuestras actividades cotidianas con las que uno cuenta, como hablar con
el vecino, ir a una cafetería favorita, ir al correo o dar una vuelta por la
plaza de repente han desaparecido. A veces los miembros de la familia
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>y amigos se separan física y
emocionalmente después de un desastre. Identificamos en este tercer escrito varias
actividades en las que las personas pueden participar para ayudarlos durante
esta etapa de reconstrucción sus vidas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identifica <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tomemos unos minutos para definir formas de lidiar
con los sentimiento de tristeza, aislamiento, o reacciones comunes después del
Huracan María. Si tenemos más experiencias negativas que positivas, esto puede
causar y mantener estos sentimientos. Las experiencias positivas tienden a
causar emociones optimistas, mientras que las negativas tienden a causar
emociones perturbadoras. De manera que si quieres mejorar tu estado de ánimo,
necesitas aumentar las experiencias positivas y disminuir las negativas. Otra manera
de enfocar en este tema es entender que nuestra personalidad está formada por
nuestros pensamientos, sentimientos y comportamientos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Planifica una
actividad<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabemos por la experiencia de trabajar
con personas que están tristes, retraídas o "estancadas" que no es
suficiente decirse a si mismo que tome acciones positivas. Cuando uno se siente
mal, puede tener dificultad para tomar decisiones, sentirse agotado o no poder
pensar en una acción que valga la pena. Si tu energía o determinación es baja,
es posible que necesites un empujón o estimulo. Empieza a salir y haz cosas
agradables. Si sientes que no mereces divertirse en tu vida ante una tragedia,
como la que nos trajo el Huracan María, eso puede ser bastante normal, pero tú
no tienes que dejar que eso te impida seguir con esa parte de tu vida que
merece y necesita un poco de diversión y alegría.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Calendariza<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para aumentar las posibilidades de seguir
con estas actividades positivas, vamos a usar un calendario, o desarrollar un
calendario<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>para realmente programar las
actividades en la próxima semana. Mira la próxima semana y identifica momentos
en los que puede encajar una o más actividades positivas (hacer ejercicio,
visitar a un familiar o amigo, ir al Beauty). Si es así, puedes marcar la fecha
en tu calendario.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seguimiento<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hemos discutido <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nuestros sentimientos de depresión o un
sentido de perdida de propósito y control. También hemos discutimos tus
fortalezas y capacidades de brindar a una parte de tu vida algo que necesita y
merece: ¡alegría!, ¡alegría! y ¡alegría! En este momento de tu vida, has tenido
demasiadas experiencias negativas y no las suficientes positivas y/o
placenteras. Luego nos tomamos un tiempo para programar actividades positivas
en su calendario para ayudarlo a hacer espacio en tu bitácora. Ahora recuerda
hacerlos!!!!No te quedes en este paso sino que dale seguimiento a tu plan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-76662581630450127992017-10-25T14:41:00.000-07:002017-10-25T15:48:57.620-07:00<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.14000000059604645px;">Segunda destreza de apoyo psicosocial: Desarrollando destrezas de solución de problemas</span></span></b></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Díaz, PhD, LPC</div>
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Asesor</div>
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Salud Mental en Desastres</div>
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Cruz Roja Americana</div>
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Washington, D.C</div>
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Estamos en la quinta semana después de el huracan María. Este nos ha confrontado con una infinidad de dificultades, las cuales nos hacen sentir impotentes o nos inmoviliza frente a numerosos problemas como la privación del agua, luz, comunicación y el deseo de permanecer en nuestro “lugar”. El estrés y presiones continuas para "hacer algo" nos pueden impedir pensar de maneras efectivas sobre como manejar la recuperación. Si ayudamos a la comunidad a desarrollar una forma sistemática de resolver problemas, puedes ayudar a que los vecinos puedan abordar los problemas causados por María, de manera más efectiva, recuperar el sentido de control y aumentar tu auto eficacia.</div>
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<b>1. Define el problema</b></div>
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El primer paso es definir el problema que deseas abordar con la mayor claridad posible. Si tu problema es complejo, veamos si podemos romperlo hacia abajo en partes manejables. A menudo, lo que parece ser un gran problema (por ejemplo, su familia no tiene donde quedarse, no ahí electricidad no podemos hacer comida) puede ser dividido en pequeños problemas que son más fáciles de resolver, al identificar el contenido de lo qué la familia está discutiendo. Puede ser algo así como no tener donde dormir, quien cocina, quien toma la ducha primero por la mañana. Toma el tiempo para ser específico, ya que cuanto más específico sea la "definición", más fácil será resolverlo.</div>
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Cuando hayas dividido un problema en dos o tres "secciones", no te preocupes posible que no resuelva todas las partes del problema. La clave es mantenerse enfocado en una parte a la vez y no desviarse de sus otros "secciones" y/o entrar en otros problemas. Puede tratar cada problema más tarde de la misma manera. </div>
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<b>2. Decide a quien le pertenece el mismo</b></div>
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Ahora que has identificado un problema el cual quieres resolver (ej. No tengo electricidad no puedo cocinar). Veamos si esta es una situación (ej. Tener electricidad) la puedes resolver tu, o le toca a otro solucionar la situación (ej. Conectar la electricidad). Para discernir, responde el siguientes preguntas:"¿Esto es algo que me está sucediendo a mí o a otras personas en mi vecindario? ¿Este problema le está sucediendo principalmente a otras personas? "Si el problema envuelve a alguien más, diga: "Si bien sé que estas muy preocupado por la situación, parece que este problema debe resolver otra persona o entidad”.</div>
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<b>3. Identifica una acción</b></div>
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Ya definiste el problema que deseas resolver. El primer paso es decidir lo que verdaderamente puedes hacer par resolver el mismo. Por ejemplo al pensar de la comida, identificamos que el problema es cocinar. De manera, que el próximo paso es identificar las necesidades, deseos, miedos e inquietudes. Para la segunda parte del problema, podrías pensar "donde consigo un estufa pequeña para cocinar la comida", "mi mama cocinaba con una estufa de gas, quizás ella pueda cocinar" o "todos podemos ayudar a preparar la comida". </div>
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El segundo paso es determinar si "quiero usar mi tiempo en actividades familiares", o "ocupar a mi mama para que cocine."" Quiero que todos disfrutemos un poco de tiempo en familia" "Me preocupa tener suficiente dinero para hacer compra."</div>
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Toma en cuenta que la tarea de primero dividir el problema en pedazos manejables, y luego pasar el tiempo pensando en una solución realista, nos trae más cerca de resolver el problema. El problema comienza a ser más manejable.</div>
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<b>4. Lluvia de ideas</b></div>
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Vamos a evaluar el las ideas que se nos han ocurrido en términos de las secuelas físicas y emocionales del Huracán María.</div>
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Algunas ideas que puedan ser beneficiosas lo son:</div>
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• Es una forma de calmarme</div>
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• Es una forma de cambian la situación actual.</div>
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• Obtener el apoyo de otras personas.</div>
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• La solución extiende en opciones que ya nos están ayudando. </div>
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<b>5. Evalúa y decide cual es la mejor solución</b></div>
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El último paso es seleccionar la (s) mejor (s) solución (es) y probarla. Miremos nuevamente la lista de opciones y piensa qué tan útil crees puede ser. Puedes tachar cualquier opción que no parezca útil y elegir opciones que parezcan razonable, que piensas que podría ser útil, y que te gustaría poner en acción. La solución final al objetivo podría ser una combinación de opciones.</div>
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<b>6. Caso Ilustrativo</b></div>
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Decidimos que toda la familia se quedaría en nuestra casa. Mama y papa, Mi esposo y tres hijos, mi hermana, su esposo y dos hijos, y un tío que se encontraba en casa cuando nos ataco el Huracán. Mi tío era cocinero en un negocio en Philadelphia hasta hace poco tiempo. El se ofreció de voluntario para cocinar. Con una pequeña planta pudimos mantener la leche y los productos frescos sin dañarse. Le pusimos cortinas a las ventanas y por la noche abrimos las ventanas para que la brisa Cayeyana nos mantenga frescos. Mi mama quema hojas de limón o citronela para ahuyentar los mosquitos. de Mi marido y el de mi esposa buscaban agua todas las tardes en la carretera de Cayey a Caguas. Mi hermana buscaba todos los días agua en el Centro de Mando y de vez en cuando podía conseguir hielo. Por la mañana nos bañamos con “lavado de gato”, y dos veces a la semana vamos todos al rio de la Central. Hemos aprendido a jugar domino y párchese ya escuchar la radio. Seguiremos así hasta que Dios quiera y nos vuelva la luz, el agua, y la comunicación.</div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-79140084869522459172017-10-24T05:10:00.001-07:002017-10-24T05:10:59.550-07:00<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Destrezas para la recuperación psicosocial<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joseph O. Prewitt Díaz, PhD, LPC</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asesor de Salud Mental en Desastres</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Región de la Capital Nacional</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington, D.C.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">20 de octubre 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Hoy comienza la quinta semana después de los
embates del Huracan María. Una experiencia en los días que estuve en Puerto
Rico, quizás encapsula la percepción de lo que ha pasado y lo por venir. Uno de
los pueblos que visite fue Orocovis. Me recordaba que en el centro del pueblo
había un árbol milenario de mango. Que cuando lleve a mi esposa a conocer el
pueblo nos tomamos una foto frente al árbol de mango, con las dos banderas, una
a cada lado. Me contaba el muchacho que nos tomo la foto que eres árbol representaba
la resiliencia del habitante de las montanas Orocobeñas. Me estaba jactando de
que ningún Huracan troncharía al pueblo de Orocovis, porque el pueblo era tan
fuerte como ese árbol. Grande fue mi sorpresa cuando encontré a ese gigante
natural postrado hacia un lado, las raíces expuestas. Se me fue el mundo, no
tenia palabras para expresar mi angustia, cuando regrese a San Juan no me
atrevía compartir mi experiencia, sentía angustia, ahora si es verdad que nos
hacemos, como vamos a reponernos de los embates del Huracan María.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Recordando el momento hace dos semanas, pensé
que lo mas apropiado era compartir con los compañeros y compañeras lo que yo
entiendo son las estrategias para la próxima etapa de recuperación emocional.
Entendiendo que tenemos que tomar pasos positivos para poder echar pa’lante
quiero compartir cinco acciones a tomar en los próximos meses, mientras
recorremos las comunidades y hablamos con familias y vecinos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Como agentes de desarrollo psicosocial
comunitaria debemos ayudar a nuestra población a:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">• Recoger información y establecer prioridades
para la ayuda. En el período después del desastre, los vecinos se enfrentan a
una angustia constante debido a sus experiencias y pérdidas causadas por el
Huracan María. Es posible que necesiten asistencia inmediata o de largo plazo
por condiciones psicosociales. Sienten preocupación por su seguridad y
experimentan dificultades en las relaciones interpersonales con su familias y
amigos y amigas en la comunidad. La recopilación de información es el primer
paso para ayudar a los sobrevivientes a identificar sus necesidades e
inquietudes actuales y establecer las lista de prioridades sobre como para
abordarlas. Los vecinos y las comunidades son los dueños de su proceso. Por
ende ellos descubren a través de la colección de información y el
establecimiento de prioridades, cuales son los temas qué necesitan trabajar
para moverse adelante.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">• Desarrollar destrezas de solución de
problemas vitales. El huracan María a creado dificultades que nos hacen sentir
impotentes o nos inmoviliza frente a numerosos vitales como la privación del
agua, luz, comunicación y el deseo de estar. Estrés y presiones continuas para
"hacer algo" nos pueden hacer que sea difícil pensar de manera
efectiva sobre como manejar la situación. Si ayudamos a la comunidad a
desarrollar una forma sistemática de resolver problemas puede ayudar a los
vecinos puedan abordar los problemas vitales causados por María, de manera más
efectiva, recuperar la sentido de control y aumentar su autoeficacia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">• Promover actividades positivas. El huracan
María ha interrumpido las rutinas y actividades normales que nos hace sentir
que tenemos un propósito, estamos bajo control, y podemos sentir placer en
nuestro diario vivir. Al ayudar a las personas a identificar, programar y
participar en actividades placenteras o significativas pueden ayudarlos a
restablecer las rutinas y los lleve a retomar pasatiempos y otras actividades
lúdicas que puedan mejorar su estado de ánimo y restablecer un sentido de
control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">• Manejar nuestras reacciones a los eventos de
la vida diaria. Nosotros experimentando reacciones físicas y emocionales
molestas que surgen al enfrentar experiencias relacionadas con el desastres y
recordar momentos específicos durante el mismo. El estrés continuo del ultimo
mes a causado cambios en nuestras vidas. Estas reacciones afecta, en forma
negativa el estado de ánimo, la toma de decisiones, nuestras relaciones
interpersonales, nuestro funcionamiento diario y la salud física. Al aprender o
re-aprender las maneras apropiadas para abordar y gestionar estas reacciones
puede ayudarnos a proteger nuestra salud física y psicosocial, mejorar la auto
estima, mejorar el funcionamiento interpersonal, y reducir las conductas
inapropiadas para hacer frente a los resultado del huracan en nuestras vidas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">• Impulsar pensamientos positivos. La mayoría
de los Puertorriqueños luchamos con pensamientos de angustia relacionados con
el huracan mientras tratan de adaptarse, en la cuarta semana, a circunstancias
posteriores al desastre, y a definir cual es el camino a seguir para la
recuperación. Estos pensamientos negativos ayudan a mantener emociones
negativas, como el miedo, la desesperanza, la ira, la ansiedad, la tristeza y
la culpa. Identificando y practicando una visión positiva hacia el futuro,
puede mejorar el estado de ánimo y reducir la intensidad de reacciones
angustiosas tanto físicas como emocionales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">• Re-establecer relaciones sociales
saludables. El apoyo psicosocial de familiares, amigos y miembros de la comunidad
mejora la forma en que lidiamos con la recuperación después del Huracan María.
En nuestro caso si nos ayudamos a satisfacer nuestras necesidades emocionales y
prácticas, los unos a los otros, podremos reconstruir nuestras conexiones
psicosociales en forma saludable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: #666666; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Les he tomado tiempo para proponerles, que en
las próximas semanas enfoquemos nuestras energías a la reconstrucción
psicosocial. Les ofrezco seis actividades que podemos llevar a cabo, al final
de las cuales nos sentiremos mejor. Seguimos el proceso psicosocial de cambiar
nuestro rol de victima a uno de una persona victoriosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-69165537548374973652017-10-23T06:53:00.001-07:002017-11-06T13:50:22.273-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Primera Destreza de apoyo psicosocial: “obtener información y establecer las
prioridades, identificar las destrezas para afrontar la necesidad”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Joseph O. Prewitt Díaz, PhD, LPC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Asesor de Salud Mental en Desastres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Región de la Capital Nacional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Queridos todos y todas,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Me encantaría compartir esta información con
ustedes mirando sus ojos y contestando preguntas mientras bebemos café Yaucono
en la plaza de Cayey. Desafortunadamente los tiempos y circunstancias no lo
permiten. Por tanto he decidido ofrecer un taller de apoyo psicosocial a través
de este medio. Reciban un fuerte abrazo solidario, de este que desde lejos, los
recuerda y los quiere mucho. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">El sábado en la noche (18 de octubre 2017)
me tome la libertad de escribir un articulo donde compartía con ustedes seis
pasos sobre como administrar el apoyo psicosocial comunitario en la próxima fase
de la recuperación después del Huracan María. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Decidí darle seguimiento con unas explicaciones
adicionales para cada uno de los objetivos. De manera que los próximos seis “Post”
en Facebook explican el método de acercamiento de la estrategia que sugerí. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Al establecer contacto con un grupo de
vecinos debemos llevar a cabo tres tareas: (1) identificar las necesidades, (2)
establecer prioridades sobre los pasos a seguir, y (3) elaborar un plan de acción.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Identifica las
necesidades actuales. </span></b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Al
comenzar el contacto debemos observar cuales son las necesidades inmediatas y
que acciones tenemos que tomar para resolver la necesidad. Estas necesidades
deben<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>estar dirigidas a re-establecer la
seguridad personal y/o resolver problemas que impactan nuestra salud psicosocial.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Desarrolla una
lista en forma de priorizar las necesidades</span></b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">. Una vez el grupo ha establecido la
lista de necesidades, repita cada una en voz alta, y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indique cual es su <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>entendimiento de las necesidades, preocupaciones
y posible soluciones. Establezca una listo prioritaria de necesidades, desde la
mas urgente hasta la que pueda esperar unos días.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Elabora un
plan de acción</span></b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "times new roman";">.
Determinamos cual de las necesidades podemos resolver entre nosotros, cuales
necesitan mas tiempo, cuales debemos referir a las agencias pertinentes. El
plan de acción debe esta identificar as destrezas <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>que debemos exhibir para afrontar la necesidad. Por ejemplo: (1) manejar
nuestras reacciones ante las secuelas del Huracan María, (2) mostrar
pensamientos positivos, (3) desarrollar conexiones sociales positivas, (4)
resolver la necesidad – ya bien lo hacemos como grupo de vecinos y/o referimos
nuestra necesidad a las agencias pertinentes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-76552959468056018572017-10-18T17:11:00.002-07:002017-10-18T17:57:56.232-07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Psychosocial support is an
important need during recovery from Hurricane Maria<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Center for Psychosocial Solutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Alexandria, VA 22310<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Hurricane
Maria has been a very stressful event.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That stress will linger on for a long time after the vegetation has
grown, the mud washed away from the roads, the water in the creeks, the rivers
has receded, and the government services are back on line. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the time goes by improving or is improving
very little of the recovery, will exacerbate, people’s psychosocial needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Rationale for a long-term
psychosocial support<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Everyone
is likely to require continuing psychosocial support. Often, people’s experiences,
which reflect the personal and social meanings of the event for them, and the
understandings and meanings they derive from it, have more influence on the
psychosocial impact of the event than the event itself. Recovery from distress
after disasters, including Hurricane Maria, is characterized by adaptation to
circumstances that have changed and by rebuilding communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Hurricane
Maria has impacted the psychosocial well being of children, young people and
older people may be more vulnerable than are adults of working age because they
are dependent on adults’ responses to the floods that affect families. Parents’
wellbeing, for example, affects the quality of their parenting; people’s direct
experiences and those that affect their caretakers may, separately and in
interaction, either protect them or intensify the negative effects on children,
older people and those with functional needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The
extended timeframe of the impacts of Hurricane Maria on people, their homes,
neighborhood and their communities are such that the effects of secondary
stressors are highly important because they prolong the welfare, physical and
psychosocial impacts. Recognition of the longer timeframe in which,
psychosocial and mental healthcare responses are required is an important
lesson that has been learned from major disasters in the past. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Action steps for the
recovery<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The
response to Hurricane Maria in the recovery phase will require the following
action steps:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Adoption
of a community led multi-sector approach to promoting psychosocial wellbeing
and recovery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Family and community
assets are vitally important to maintain and promote personal and collective
psychosocial resilience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Reliance
on social cohesion community activities must be considered. These activities<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have a significant effect on psychosocial
expressions of distress and encourage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>recovery <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Introduce
psychological first aid as a first order intervention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Place
based psychosocial support activities should be initiated immediately, and
planned well into recovery. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Establish
alliances with government and non-government, faith based, and community
organizations, to support their psychosocial resilience and emotional wellbeing
of the survivors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">The
action steps proposed herein, support the a psychosocial support approach that
comprises both universal and targeted plans and interventions, which are well
with adequate, timely access for people in need. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Understanding
Hurricane Maria in these terms should give direction to the response from
service providers as well as from the affected communities. This applies to
initial emergency responses, as well as recovery and reconstruction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-18015599596000540292015-09-29T18:12:00.000-07:002015-09-29T18:14:37.654-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The challenge of explaining complex scientific actions in disaster
response and humanitarian aid in a parochial environment: The case of the
American Red Cross<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
Joseph O. Prewitt
Diaz, PhD</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
Alexandria,
Virginia</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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As I was driving this morning I
heard in NPR that the GAO had completed its review of the American Red Cross<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
and that one of the members of the House of Representatives<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
had proposed the “American Red Cross Sunshine Act”. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The American Red Cross is one of
a movement of 189 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies from around the world
with a Headquarters in Geneva. The existence of the American Red Cross is
guided by seven fundamental principles: humanity, impartiality, neutrality,
independence, voluntarism, unity, and universality. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was pleasantly surprised that the query of such a prestigious
entity such, as the GAO would conduct a thorough investigation comparing apples
with apples. As I reached home I looked up both reports. Then sadness set in.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The GAO detailed their research
methodology, they indicate that they compared the American Red Cross several
entities, types of disasters, national and international response, and other
non-government agencies in the United States. I was taken aback to see that GAO
had not compared the American Red Cross and its “modus operandi” at least
“three national societies” from resource rich countries comparable to the
United States. So in essence lacking that valuable information, the report is
rendered useless. It is another report for those that have the miotic vision
and the lack of universal vision to see that this organization brings a lot of well
being to the image of the American people, especially from countries that are
resource poor and who have felt the helping hand of the American people through
the American Red Cross in their moment of need. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Secondly, to legislate the work
of the American Red Cross, as suggested in the proposed legislation “<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">The proposed <a href="https://www.propublica.org/documents/item/2425142-american-red-cross-sunshine-act-text.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">American Red
Cross Sunshine Act</span></a> comes in response to a government report, also
being released today, that finds oversight of the charity lacking and
recommends Congress find a way to fill the gap” (quoted verbatim from the
NPR/Pro publica news article).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
provide oversight to a member of an international movement is in effect a
direct move to do away with the the mission of the American Red Cross, and the
fundamental principles that its work embodies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">My<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>take is that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1) monies
given by the U.S. government or its representative to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an entity in order that they may perform
a specific task should be placed under scrutinty. I also believe the scrutiny
should be such that there is respect from the US Government toward the
integrity of said organization; (2) establishing a law with the specific purpose
to “rein-in” an organization is a an attempt to destroy the principles of
independence, neutrality, and impartiality. This may not be very important to
politician in Washington or others who unscrupulously seek to say “gotcha”
without an unbiased investigative reporting that includes “here say” and also
includes desk research, and experiential learning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">In addressing this issue I am fully aware
that I will be considered a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #191919; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 29.0pt;">Vox clamantis in deserto</span></i><span style="color: #191919; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 29.0pt;">”,
but morally and with great respect toward those that have died in the past and
present with the Red Cross vest providing humanitarian assistance, I couldn’t
really be a bystander and keep quiet. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> GAO. (September 2015). </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 36.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">American Red Cross: </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 36.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Disaster
Assistance Would Benefit from Oversight through Regular Federal Evaluation.
Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elliot, J. & Sullivan, L. (Sept 16,
2015). <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 36.0pt;">American Red Cross Sunshine Act’ Would Open Charity to Outside Scrutiny.
Washington, D.C.. National Public Radio & Pro Publica.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-75683452597038085392015-07-01T17:04:00.002-07:002015-07-02T07:48:44.075-07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>American Red Cross and the NPR Report: Commentary on NPR program this afternoon</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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As I was driving this afternoon,
I listened intently to the interview you had with Mrs Leslie Schaeffer from the
American Red Cross. The reference for such interview was an article published
by NPR/Pro-Publica related to Haiti. I re-read the report (Investigation) that
NPR/Pro Publica had published on the American Red Cross. It is a report all
right, but the credibility of investigative reports is questionable. It does
not provide context for the disaster response by the American Red Cross or a
timeline that could easily be followed by readers. Nor did it try to understand
the international disaster laws, easily accessible in Internet, by which such
responses are guided. According to the authors, the thesis statement has to do
with the American Red Cross misusing funds in the Haiti response, probably
because they lacked the background knowledge or the tempo of the response, and
couldn’t explain it to their target audience.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Without discussing the value of
the minutia let me reflect on some components that are missing in these
reports:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Did
the American Red Cross have a pre-disaster agreement with the Haitian Red Cross,
or a Haitian government entity to provide bilateral immediate response? The
American Red Cross as partner, the International Federation of the Red Cross
and Red Crescent, followed the guidance of said organization to plan their
response.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Were
agreements in place with local banks for transfer of funds or mechanisms for
hiring local personnel?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Were
the ports open to allow equipment being brought by American Red Cross to the
country. Did Haiti exempt American Red Cross from paying entry tariffs? What
would happen with that equipment once it was used in Haiti?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->When
was American Red Cross given clearance to begin on-the-ground assessment? Had
all the bodies been recovered and the debris removed from the public thoroughfare?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Were
there people either native or Haitian descendant that specialized in disaster
response? If not, did the American Red Cross exercise the “Do no harm”
imperative waited past the gestation period (a period usually between six month
to a year) where assessments are conducted, local people are trained, work
plans formulated and evaluation mechanism are in place?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
I cannot answer those questions
because I was not there, but the reporters, who were there, I am sure cannot
answers the questions either. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It is easy to be an spectator that
with the passing of time develops compassion fatigue, to develop a warped
vision of reality. It is also very difficult for reporters to do in-depth
investigative work without having a working knowledge of the science of
disaster response, reconstruction, and development. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Paraphrasing Mrs. Schaefer, well said in
the program this afternoon, the American Red Cross did what it was supposed to
do, continues to do what was planned, and will remain on the ground until all
the identified programmatic needs, now using trained local personnel, are no
more. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-49862359519070443672014-12-04T12:38:00.004-08:002014-12-04T12:38:48.685-08:00<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>ENHANCING PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE THROUGH
COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION</b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="text-align: center;">
Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="text-align: center;">
August 20, 2004</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<o:p> </o:p><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -36pt;">Introduction</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is a request for funds to continue the current
disaster mental health and psychosocial care program in target schools and
communities in two States and to support in Bihar and Tamil Nadu. The proposed
program will be called “Psychological Support Program” and will focus on the
long term development of the psychological support program in selected
Branches. The Psychological Support Program<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>will (1) enhance the capacity of the IRCS to provide
psychological information and to deliver timely interventions, (2) enhance the
capacity of target communities to provide psychological support information and
creative and expressive activities to release the distress, and (3) enhance the
capacity of target schools to generate crisis response plans that will
guide<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>response to a crisis, emergency or a
disaster.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Background to current project proposal </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) approved a
Psychological Support Policy in May 2003.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The policy mandates six “should” activities for the National societies.
(1) Integration of psychological support into existing programs (disaster preparedness,
disaster response, first aid, health, social services, and youth), (2)
Developing psychological support as a community based program, (3) Coordination
with existing GO’s and NGO’s who are providing psychological support programs,
(4) Plan to develop implementation of psychological support in conjunction with
other programs during the acute, (5) rehabilitation, and (6) reconstruction
phase of a disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Immediately
after the Gujarat earthquake the ARC in conjunction with IFRC determined the
need for psychological support in terms of disaster mental health. The program
has continued to evolve since 2001. The disaster mental health and psychosocial
care program has been integrated into the disaster response repertoire of the
OSB, and is a major part of the current services provided by the Bhuj-Kutch
district Branch in Bhuj, Anjar, and Bhachau.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The program experienced success in school and target
communities, specifically related to crisis response planning in the schools
and training of thousands who have become Red Cross volunteers and are building
the Branch capacity with thousands of hours of volunteer time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Psychological
support has been embraced by The <span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;">Indian Red Cross in the recent Strategic
Development Plan (2004). The specific actions are (1) better access to Disaster</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Mental
Health educational material during 2004-2007 (Action 2.1), (2) development and
distribution of information material on Disaster Mental Health for distribution
during disasters by 2004 (Action 2.3), (3) psychological first aid is
considered one of the Health program of the IRCS (Page 6, Indian Red Cross
Strategic Development Plan), and (4) the development of emergency health care
pan to include disaster mental health Action 3.3). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The strategy
of IRCS is congruent with the Psychological Support Policy approved by the
IFRC. The ARC is capable of providing TA in the (1) development of technically,
culturally and linguistically appropriate materials, (2) dissemination of
information in target schools and communalities, and (3) capacity building at
all levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The program will be
community-based, clients focused, will use existing IRCS structures, such as
the Youth and Junior Red Cross as a conduit of information and development of
crisis plans in schools, and will focus on peoples rights to physical and
emotional well being. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Need for project</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The IRCS has identified three needs
in the development and responding of programs: (1) identification of systems to
deliver services to survivors in the event of a disaster, (2) building the
capacity of State and local chapters by using existing volunteers to provide
psychological support and (3) funding for specific community and school based
programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The IRCS would
benefit from (1) the material development expertise, (2) networking with
communities, (3) the development of community psychological support committees,
and (4) the capacity building activities in psychological support activities
with teachers and student members of the Youth and Junior Red Cross.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Project Design</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The program
will use materials that have been developed as part of the existing Disaster
Mental Health and Psychosocial Care program for schools and communities as well
as technical assistance personnel to provide training to crisis intervention
professionals and specialists. The role of the ARC is to provide technical
assistance in the formulation, development, implementation and long term
continued training in the preparation of educational materials for school that
focus on psychological support. See attachment 1 for a Table of Program
Development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The goal and objectives for the program are as follow:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Goal:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enhance psychological preparedness and
response capacity at the school and community level in four states in India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Objective 1:</b> Enhance staff
capacity (National, State, and Local Branch) of IRCS in implementing
psychological support programs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Objective 2:</b> Expand target
school capacity to provide psychological support responses to students,
teachers and volunteers through the Junior and Youth Red Cross</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Objective 3:</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Expand
target community capacity to provide psychological support responses to
community members and to students in local school through the community
psychological support committees.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Objective 4:</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Document the process of development of IRCS capacity for psychological
responses in schools to crisis, emergency and disasters to draw lessons for
future programming.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Measurement, reporting, general
M&E</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The M & E
will include measurement prior to beginning and at the conclusion of the
program. Records of participation in activities, identification of specific
skills development, through simulations, and testimonials will be recorded.
Photographic data will be collected to document the program and a final
evaluation should be performed to yield lessons learned. Special attention will
be placed on the capacity building activities for development of tools that may
be used by other Branches.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Geographic scope</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The program will continue in Gujarat and Orissa
with major modifications. The program will be start-up in Tamil Nadu and Bihar.
In Gujarat the program will continue in communities and schools in Bhuj, Anjar
and Bachau (Bhuj-Kutch Branch will serve as lead Branch). The GSB will be
responsible for developing the psychological support program through the Junior
and Youth Red Cross in Navsari, Surat, and Valsad. In Orissa the State Branch
will initiate a program through the Junior and Youth Red Cross in selected
schools and communities in Bhadrak, Jagatsingpur, Kendrapara, Khurda, and Puri.
In Bihar the State Branch will receive technical assistance in the development
of programs at the State Headquarter and one selected branch. In Tamil Nadu,
there will be a psychological support<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>program in Kutakonam, and technical assistance support to the Tamil Nadu
State Branch.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Population to be served</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The number of persons to be
served will be approximately 250,000 per year per side or a total of one
million. The predominant service recipients will be (1) Red Cross staff and
volunteers,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2) students and there
parents, teachers and school volunteers, and (3) community members.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Organizational Capacity</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The IRCS was established in 1920 under the Indian Red Cross Society act
and was recognized by the Movement in 1929. The IRCS has provincial branches in
all states and union territories and more than 650 district and sub district
branches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The president of India
is the president of the IRCS. The main governing body is the national managing
body, which consists of 18 members, 12 of whom are elected by the state and
union territory branches. The president of IRCS nominates the remaining six
members, including the chairman.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The IRCS has developed a cadre of personnel at the
Orissa State Branch and the Bhuj-Kutch District Branch who are currently
delivering the program to selected communities and schools. In Orissa the State
Branch has a full staff composed of a DMH Officer and twelve staff members
working in the four target Districts. The Bhuj-Kutch Branch has 12 employees
working in thirty five villages and forty schools in Anjar and Bhuj.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Gujarat State Branch has sponsored
community facilitators training programs in Banas Kantar, Patan, Navsari,
Surat, Valsad, and Vadodara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There is a need to increase the capacity of the NHQ
by hiring and supporting a National counterpart. Each State will require a DMH
Officer to follow-up the program in school and the target communities. A
definitive staffing pattern appropriate to each site will be developed after
the Program is approved. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Management/personnel resources
& requirements</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The program will require
an international delegate with the experience in disaster management, materials
development, and psychological support activities. The TA staff will be
composed of two instructional personnel,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Monitoring and Evaluation Associate, financial Officer and an
administrator. Four TA coordinators will be hired as part of the ARC TA staff. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
IRCS is responsible for the implementation of the Program. The personnel
resources will be determined in consultation with each Branch as the program is
developed locally.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Budget/finance</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Attachment 2 presents a roughed out estimate by State and
type of intervention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
assumed that once that once all parties approve the proposal, the monies will
be dispersed from Washington to the respective State and Local Branches. In
turn the State and local Branches will submit cash forecasts access continued
program funds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Sustainability beyond project scope</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Capacity will
be developed in local Branches to develop the program, the trained Red Cross
volunteer will be the greatest source of sustainability for the program. All
materials are copyrighted to the IRCS therefore the revenue obtained from the
sale of the materials will make the program sustainable. The third source of
sustainability is the methods and procedures that will remain in place once ARC
no longer provides technical assistance.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The program
will assure community and school ownership by conducting participatory planning
sessions, focused groups to provide direction to the program and by conducting
simulations testing protocols and procedures for psychological support response
during a crisis, emergency, or a disaster.</span></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-56298069333855467062014-12-04T12:28:00.000-08:002014-12-04T12:28:21.902-08:00<div align="center">
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<span lang="ES-PR" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">INSTITUTO DE SALUD MENTAL, APOYO
PSICOSOCIAL Y ASISTENCIA LEGAL</span><span lang="ES-PR" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 28.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A CONCEPT PAPER</span><span lang="ES-PR" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD</span></b><b><span lang="ES-PR"><o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2/17/2010</span></b><b><span lang="ES-PR"><o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is a talking document formulated with
the intent of generating a discussion between the School of Law and the
College of Social Sciences of the Universidad of Puerto Rico. The focus is
on developing a mechanism that will provide services to disaster affected
people while at the same time safeguarding there human and legal rights.<o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt id="8276291" prefixmappings="xmlns:ns0='http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2006/coverPageProps'" storeitemid="X_55AF091B-3C7A-41E3-B477-F2FDAA23CFDA" text="t" title="Abstract" xpath="/ns0:CoverPageProperties[1]/ns0:Abstract[1]">
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<h1 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Background<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Environmental changes dictate that IHE’s stay at the forefront of
societal events, and assume leadership, as necessary, to alleviate human
suffering, by modifying the curriculum or identifying cross cutting
opportunities. The need for a
humanitarian response to local and regional disasters has led to a discernment
process that resulted in the identification of psychosocial support programs
after a disaster as the organizational focal point of all actions and processes
developed during disaster response, from immediate response to reconstruction. Psychosocial
support serves as the platform for social and psychological stabilization of
the affected people as well as the socioeconomic re-establishment of the
people. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disaster and disaster response</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Puerto Rico are not
unfamiliar to natural and manmade disasters. In the last ten years the region
has experienced hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and manmade technological
disasters that cost an estimated 50,000 deaths, over 5 million people injured
and displaced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;">1.1.1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Central America</span> and South America<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 17.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The flooding in Venezuela initiated the 21<sup>st</sup>
century with mud slides that caused an approximate loss of 30,000 people, and
at least one million of affected and displaced survivors. This natural event
was followed by mud slides in Las Casitas, Nicaragua, and floods in San Pedro
Sula, Honduras, the Atlantic zone of Nicaragua and Belize as a result of
tropical storms and hurricanes. The
earthquakes in El Salvador in 2002 left over 30% of the country’s population
displaced, caused the destruction of infrastructure (schools, hospitals, and
other support systems). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.1.2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The Caribbean </span></h3>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Caribbean is victimized yearly by tropical storms and hurricanes
that impact the lesser and larger Antilles. Floods, high winds, and limited
infra structure cause destruction and increases the levels of distress in the
affected Islands. One such disaster is the recent earthquake in Haiti.
Port-au-Prince, Haiti’s capital was leveled by a huge earthquake January 12,
2010. Haiti’s government ceased to function. Its infrastructure was
devastated, thus confounding relief agencies that have tried to set up distribution
centers. <span style="color: #010202; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Haitian Directorate for Civil Protection (DCP) has estimated that
the earthquake resulted in 75,000 persons killed, 200,000 injured and one
million displaced. Approximately half of all structures in Port-au-Prince are
believed to have collapsed. </span><span style="color: #010202; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">IOM estimates that there are
more than 300 makeshift settlements scattered throughout the city, with an
estimated 370,000 inhabitants. This is a humanitarian crisis of major
proportion at our door steps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.1.3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Puerto Rico</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Puerto Rico has not been left untouched. In the last two years there
were floods and mud slides in thirteen towns in the East Southeast of the
Island that displaced hundreds of families and disrupted essential services.
Several months ago the explosion of an abandoned refinery and storage area near
San Juan caused hundreds of displaced families, damages to homes and the
environment estimated in the millions of dollars, and countless disruptions in
the daily life’s of the affected people that resulted in an increase in
psychological distress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Theory base </span></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> An
understanding of place setting is one of the most important factors in
attempting to devise a psychosocial support program for disaster affected
people. Morgan (2009) indicates that when a person feels a right to be in
certain place than attachment begins to form even if the person is not
physically in the place. It is just the subjective feeling of place which sets
off attachment for a given place. The feeling of place involves three factors:
(1) freedom of action in the place, (2) social interaction with others in
place, and (3) continuity of living in the same place (Morgan, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Place based psychosocial support (PBPS) (Prewitt Diaz and Dayal, 2007,
Prewitt Diaz (2008), Prewitt Diaz (2008)
is concerned with assisting persons affected by a disaster in a
particular place or micro-community to identify collective coping mechanism
that allows the affected people within place, to provide care and safety for each other until such time as
the “place” has been re-established.
During the initial steps of PBPS explores with the affected people their
sense of “place”, attractions to “place”, and the degree of interaction with
each other. As time goes by the affected people prepare a conceptual map—that
serves to identify the affected persons to themselves and to outsiders. The
affected people define and redefine the levels of belongingness, quality of
life, friendliness, and care of the placed<w:sdt citation="t" id="22233154"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION Pud96 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (Puddifoot, 1996)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. The
orientation of the group may be problem-focused or relationship-focused.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PBPS promotes collaborative coping mechanisms such as solution focused
activities and community problem solving. Lazarus
& Folkman (1984) define coping as “constantly changing cognitive and
behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are
appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person” (p. 141). Coping
is framed as process oriented activities, that allow the affect people
individually and collectively to manage the effects of the stressor (hurricane,
floods, or explosions) in their perception of community and well being, and
allows them to master their environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Communal coping occurs when one or more affected persons perceive a
stressor as “our” problem appraisal as opposed to “my” problem and activates a
process of shared coping (Manzo & Perkins, 2006). In the context of a major disaster, coping is defined functionally as the
pooling of psychological, social, spiritual, physical and environmental
resources of individuals, couples, families, neighborhoods, and communitites to
master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events and develop
resiliency for future events.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PBPS fosters activities where affected people are thinking and acting as
though the stressor is shared. PBPS believes when affect people in a particular
place deal with particular problem is beneficial, necessary and expected. PBPS encourages communication about the
circumstances and meaning of the situation, that currently affects the group,
how it relates to the group and what is the potential impact. The affected people collaborate to
construct strategies that are aimed at reducing the negative impact of the
stressor and to develop strategies to resolve the adaptational demands of the
event on the place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PBPS activities are oriented toward expanding affected peoples’
resources and capacity for dealing with stressors, provide the mechanism to
mobilize community resource to reduce losses, enhance psychological and social
support and buffer stress. As a result of the activities and community
participation group cohesion, and reciprocal altruism is increased.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As the affected people become more confident in using the collaborative
processes, such as mutual support,
collective actions to meet challenges, a high level of member participation in
problem-solving, and a high percentage of volunteers (Prewitt Diaz, 2008b)
impact an increase in a feeling of well being and community’s quality of life
improves. Behavior that is
directed toward increasing the well being of others is encouraged and rewarded.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 124.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PBPS activities are more prevalent in cultures that emphasize and
promote a sense of place (high-trust, group-oriented). Trust is reflected in
the nature of a culture’s communal or group problem-solving activity. Events that simultaneously affect a
whole community (explosion, Hurricane) may induce the community to band
together in their coping. At the outside PBPS requires an assessment of the
relationship between affected people about the nature of the relationships
within community members. The issue is whether the individual and the community
perceive the stressor in the same way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 124.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In summary, PBPS is a program that looks at the complex process of
situational, contextual, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. Assist the
affected people to define their collective stressor, devise strategies to address
the stressor and foster a resolution that encourages the well being of the
affected people (See Appendix A).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></h2>
<h2 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Legal Standard for disaster response</span></h2>
<h2>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">When disaster strikes, affected people are often
approached by many groups who identify themselves as stakeholders (national
governments, the United Nations personnel, Red Cross and Red Crescent,
international non-governmental official, faith based organizational
representatives and the media to mention a few). If you or a family member has been involved in a mass
disaster, individuals from any or all of the above categories may want to speak
with you because they “are there to help”. Preserving personal and communal
legal rights may depend upon your ability to identify those groups seeking your
attention and to deal with them appropriately. Emotional distress and grief are
inevitable after a catastrophic event, and this emotional condition may greatly
affect the individual and communal initial ability to deal with their legal
rights. Conversely, the individuals identified in the categories listed
previously usually possess extensive training for dealing with a catastrophic
disaster of this nature. It is important for the affected people not to assume
any individual group is looking out for their best interests. It is important to realize that these
groups respond to disaster based on the mandates of the funders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Human rights are the legal underpinning of
all humanitarian work pertaining to natural disasters. There is no other legal
framework to guide such activities, especially in areas where there is no armed
conflict. If humanitarian assistance is not based on a human rights framework,
it risks having too narrow a focus, and cannot integrate all the basic needs of
the victims into a holistic planning process. It risks overlooking factors that
will be important for recovery and reconstruction later on. Furthermore,
neglecting the human rights of those affected by natural disasters effectively
means not taking into account that such people do not live in a legal vacuum,
but in countries with laws, rules and institutions that should protect their
rights (See Appendix D below).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">An excellent psychosocial program
introduces interventions based on the rights of the disaster affected people.
There are at least six areas of accountability (See Appendix B) that must be
considered: (1) accountability commitments are made to disaster survivors, (2)
transparency and information sharing, (3) participation and informed consent,
(4) staff competencies, (5) feedback/complaint handling system, and (6)
continued learning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are at least four sources
that must be considered in the development of services for disaster affected
persons: (1) the legal
underpinning of the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster
Response (See Appendix C for reference on legal documents), (2) the
international guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency
Settings, (3) Minimum standards for education in Emergencies, chronic crises
and Early Reconstruction, and (4) the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership.
These sources inform the linkage between psychosocial needs of the affected
people, their legal rights and the combination of both to achieve resilience
and move on.<span style="line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The appropriate amount of services to
which you are entitled and the appropriate time to discuss the types of
programs that will be undertaken by your community may be best answered by a lawyer who is
knowledgeable with international humanitarian assistance laws and the legal
implications of such assistance. The purpose of consulting with an advocate is
to help you preserve your legal rights until you are prepared to make an
informed decision based on all of the circumstances and unburdened by the
emotional trauma and stress imposed upon you by the events of the disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In summary, if your community is affected
by a major disaster, you will probably need the services of the mental health
and psychosocial personnel as well as the advice of an advocate. It is the
affected people decision when to select an attorney to inform the community’s
legal rights. It is the responsibility of the national and international
stakeholders to make you aware of your rights as member of the affected people.
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #365f91; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="ALL" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
</span><br />
<h1>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Bibliography and References</span></h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
HAP (2008). <i>Emergency Check List: Humanitarian Accountability Partnership</i>.
Geneva, Switzerland. Humanitarian Accountability Partnership.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
Inter-Agency Network for Education in
Emergencies (INEE). (2004). <i>Minimum Standards
for Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises, and Early Reconstruction</i>.
Paris, France. UNESCO.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
IASC (2006). <i>IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters</i>.
Geneva, Switzerland. Inter-Agency Standing Committee.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
IASC (2007). <i>IASC guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in emergency
settings</i>. Geneva, Switzerland. Inter-Agency Standing Committee.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). <i>Stress, appraisal and coping</i>. New York: Springer Publishing
Company.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Manzo, L.C. & Perkins, D.D. (2006).
Finding common ground: The importance of place attachment to community
participation and planning. <i>Journal of
Planning Literature</i>. 20(4), 335-350.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Morgan, P. (2009).
Towards a developmental
theory of place attachment. <i>Journal of
Environmental Psychology</i>, 29(1), 47-61. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Prewitt Diaz, J.O. (2008a). Integrating
psychosocial programs in multi-sector response to international disasters. <i>American Psychologist</i>. 63(8), 818-827.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Prewitt Diaz, J.O. (2008b). From “root shock” to
community and school reconstruction: A psychosocial support model. <i>Revista
Cayey</i> (A Journal of the University of Puerto Rico). 86, 31-42.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 45.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 45.0pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="bottom" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2008-1/prewitt_diaz.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Prewitt Diaz, J.O. and Dayal, A.
(2008). Sense of Place: A Model for Community Based Psychosocial Support
Programs. <i>The Australasian Journal of
Disaster and Trauma Studies</i> Volume 2008-1.
http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2008-1/prewitt_diaz.htm.</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: white; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.6pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
Puddifoot, J.E. (1996). Some initial
considerations in the measurement of community identity<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/32213/home"><i><span style="color: windowtext; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Journal of Community Psychology</span></i></a>.
<a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/63942/issue"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> 24(4</span></a>) 327 – 336.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.6pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.6pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
Save the Children UK (2003). <i>Toolkits: A practical guide to planning,
monitoring and impact assessment.</i> London, United Kingdom. The Save the
Children Fund.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.6pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.6pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
SPHERE Project (2004). <i>Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response</i>. Geneva,
Switzerland. The SPHERE Project & Steering Committee for Humanitarian
Response.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background: white; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<br />
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
Appendix A</h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Recommendations for
Disaster Mental Health, Psychosocial Support, and legal needs for Haitian
Populations in the United States<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
Dr. Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
January 16, 2010<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Conduct an assessment within the Haitian
communities (i.e. Little Haiti in Miami).<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Organize
community meetings (DMH, Pastoral Care and community outreach person).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Assess
needs as defined by the members of the community.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Identify
protective factors within the respective communities in the States.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Identify
persons from the Haitian Diaspora that may be able to rotate into Haiti and
provide psychological support. (Functional knowledge on psychosocial needs,
problems and available resources to everyone working at each level of
response). </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Identify
human and legal rights of the affected persons.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Prepare a strategic, comprehensive, timely,
and realistic plan for training.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Provide
Orientation sessions on community assessment, and participatory processes.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Train
person from the Haitian community to provide Psychological First Aid.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Skills
for rapid culturally appropriate needs, problems, and resources assessment.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Identify
learning methodologies that facilitate the immediate and practical applications
of learning (Due to high degree of illiteracy ---Posters, brochures and
pamphlets with pictures). </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Psychosocial
support to children and youth that have been relocated to the United States.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cultural
and traditional methods of self care.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Training for religious and community
leaders<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Identify
the role and capacity to engage in constructive involvement that minimizes
distress by promoting resilience and hope. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Identify
culturally appropriate ways of making peace with and managing feelings of loss.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Making
peace with the dead and appropriate methods of grieving.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Training for teachers and other school
officials in the receiving areas<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Understanding
the role of education and schools as a psychosocial intervention.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->How
and when to use Psychological First Aid</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Methods
of prevention (including how to work with and mobilize communities and their
leadership.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Setting
up safe spaces for children and adolescent including informal school
activities. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Importance
of maintaining families and communities and minimizing institutional placement
of children. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> Training for legal advocates<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Understand
and become conversant on the role of advocates in protecting human rights and
legal rights of disaster affected persons (IASC Operational Guidelines on Human
Rights and Natural Disasters).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Develop
strategies to provide training in legal rights and humanitarian rights as they
relate to program development.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Assure
that affected people participate and are able to ascertain accountability for
commitments made by external stakeholders.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Understand
the value of participatory planning, monitoring and evaluation, feedback and
complaint handling systems for the disaster affected communities. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Develop interventions with recent arrivals
and people from receiving communities to increase resilience and hope.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Methods
to design and the skills to implement intervention in accordance with the needs
identified by community members.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Enhance
coordination skills.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Encourage
community facilitation and mobilization skills.</div>
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br clear="ALL" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
Appendix B</h1>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
Appendix C</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Bold; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Instruments inform the Humanitarian Charter and the Minimum Standards in
Disaster Response<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Universal
Declaration of Human Rights </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1948.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1966.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1966.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Discrimination
</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1969.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Protocols
</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">of 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and the Protocol<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">relating
to the Status of Refugees </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Treatment
or Punishment </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1984.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Genocide
</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1948.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Convention
on the Rights of the Child </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1989.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Women
</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1979.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Convention
relating to the Status of Stateless Persons </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1960.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Sabon-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1998.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
Appendix D</h1>
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<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND NATURAL DISASTERS<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">GENERAL PRINCIPLES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
I. Persons affected by natural disasters should enjoy the same rights
and freedoms under human rights law as others in their country and not be
discriminated against.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Targeted measures to address assistance and protection needs of specific
categories of affected populations do not constitute discrimination if and to
the extent that they are based on differing needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
II. States have the primary duty and responsibility to provide
assistance to persons affected by natural disasters and to protect their human
rights.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
III. Organizations providing protection and assistance to persons
affected by natural disasters accept that human rights underpin all
humanitarian action. In situations of natural disaster they should therefore
respect the human rights of persons affected by disasters at all times and
advocate for their promotion and protection to the furthest extent.
Humanitarian organizations shall not promote, actively participate in, or in
any other manner contribute to, or endorse policies or activities, which do or can
lead to human rights violations by States. They shall strive to enable the affected
people to exercise their own rights.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
IV. Organizations providing protection and assistance in situations of
natural disasters shall be guided by these Operational Guidelines in all of
their activities, in particular when monitoring and assessing the situation and
needs of affected persons, when programming and implementing their own
activities as well as when entering into a dialogue with governmental
authorities on their duties and responsibilities under international human
rights and, where applicable international humanitarian and refugee law. In
doing so, they shall remain accountable to all their relevant stakeholders, in
particular to the persons affected by the natural disaster.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
V. All communities affected by the natural disaster should be
meaningfully consulted and given the opportunity to take charge of their own
affairs to the extent possible and to participate in the planning and
implementation of the various stages of the disaster response. They are
entitled to accessible information concerning the (i) the nature and level of
disaster they are facing; (ii) the possible risk mitigation measures that can
be taken; (iii) early warning information and (iv) information on ongoing humanitarian
assistance, recovery efforts and their respective entitlements.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
VI. These Operational Guidelines seek to improve the practical
implementation of international instruments protecting human rights. They shall
not be interpreted as restricting, modifying or impairing the provisions of
international human rights or, where applicable, international humanitarian and
refugee law, and they should be applied together with other relevant Codes of
Conducts, Guidelines and Manuals.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
VII. Organizations providing protection and assistance in situations of
natural disasters shall endeavor to have adequate mechanisms established to
ensure that the Operational Guidelines are applied and that the human rights of
the affected are protected.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A. PROTECTION OF LIFE,
SECURITY OF THE PERSON, PHYSICAL INTEGRITY AND DIGNITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A.1 Evacuations,
relocations and other life-saving measures<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.1 If an imminent natural disaster creates a serious risk for the
life, physical integrity or health of affected individuals and communities, all
appropriate measures necessary, such as emergency shelter arrangements, to
protect those in danger, including in particular vulnerable groups should be
taken to the extent possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.2 If such measures would be insufficient, endangered persons should
be allowed, and assisted to leave the danger zone or, to the extent that they
cannot do so on their own, be evacuated from it by using all available means.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.3 These evacuations should be carried out in a manner that fully
respects the right to life, dignity, liberty and security of those affected,
and measures be taken to safeguard homes and common assets left behind.
Evacuated persons should be registered and their evacuation monitored.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.4 When the natural disaster has occurred, persons affected by it
should be allowed to move to other parts of the country and to settle there.
This right may not be subject to any restrictions except those which are
provided by law, and are necessary to protect national security, the safety and
security of affected populations, public order (ordre public), public health or
the rights and freedoms of others.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.5 Persons, including evacuees who have been ordered or forced or
ordered to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residences as
result of a natural disaster or its effects, or have left in order to avoid
them, and have not crossed a an internationally recognized State border should
be treated as belonging to the category of internally displaced persons as
covered by the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.6 After the emergency phase, persons displaced by the natural
disaster should be granted the opportunity to freely choose whether they want
to return to their homes and places of origin, remain in the area where they
have been displaced to, or to resettle to another part of the country. Their
right of choice may not be subjected to any restrictions except those which are
provided by law, and are necessary to protect national security, the safety and
security of affected populations, public order (ordre public), safety, public
health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others. In particular, the
return of persons displaced by the disaster to their homes and places of origin
should only be prohibited if these homes or places of origin are situated in
zones that present real dangers for the affected persons’ life or physical integrity
and health. These restrictions should last no longer than such dangers exist
and only be implemented if other, less intrusive, measures of protection are not
available or possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.7 Persons affected by the natural disaster should not, under any
circumstances, be forced to return to or resettle in any place where their
life, safety, liberty and/or health would be at further risk.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.8 Unless it is necessary for the protection of such persons against
very serious and imminent threats to their lives, their physical integrity or
health, evacuations against the will of such persons or the prohibitions of
their return should not be supported by organizations providing protection and
assistance to persons affected by natural disasters, even if they have been
ordered by the competent authorities. Such organizations should not become
involved in such evacuations in any manner.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.1.9: Persons affected by natural disasters, displaced or not, should
be protected against the dangers of potential secondary hazards and other
disaster risks.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A.2 Protection against
violence, including gender-based violence<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.2.1 During and after the emergency phase, law enforcement personnel
and local authorities should be encouraged to take effective measures to ensure
the security of populations affected by the natural disaster.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.2.2 Mechanisms which are appropriate to address instances of violence
and other violations of human rights, as well as of the guarantees under
international humanitarian law, should be established without delay. In
particular, the deployment of law enforcement personnel to areas at risk of or
with a breakdown of law and order, including sexual and gender-based violence,
robberies, or looting should be requested.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.2.3 Appropriate measures should be taken as early and as quickly as
possible to protect affected populations, in particular women and boy and girl
children, against trafficking, forced labor and contemporary forms of slavery
such as sale into marriage, forced prostitution, and sexual exploitation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.2.4 Should the natural disaster have occurred in a country with an
armed conflict, appropriate measures should be taken as soon as possible to
ensure that children affected by it are protected against being recruited or
associated with armed forces or groups.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A.3 Camp security<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.3.1 Persons displaced by the disaster should, to the extent possible,
be provided with the means to recover as quickly as possible and become
self-sustainable (even in places of temporary displacement) or with fast
rehabilitation assistance for return. Camps are a last resort and should only
be established where, and until, such possibilities do not exist.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.3.2 The location and lay-out of camps and settlements for persons
displaced by the disaster should be located in low natural hazard risk areas
and designed so as to maximize the security and protection of displaced
persons, including women and others those whose physical security is most at
risk, such as children, older persons, disabled, single-headed households and
members of religious and ethnic minority groups or indigenous peoples.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.3.3 Security should be provided in camps, in particular by monitoring,
through law enforcement personnel and camp committees drawn from among the
displaced communities, the security situation. Appropriate mechanisms to
address instances of violence and other violations of the human rights of camp
residents should be established.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.3.4 Persons affected by the disaster should be allowed to move freely
in and out of camps, and such movement should not be restricted or prohibited
unless it is necessary for the protection of the security or health of its residents,
or that of the population in its vicinity. In this case, such restrictions
should not remain in force any longer than absolutely necessary.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.3.5 In order to maintain the civilian character of camps at all times,
appropriate measures should be taken to avoid the presence of uncontrolled
armed elements in camps and settlements. Where such elements are present, they
should be separated from the civilian population in the camp. The presence of
armed State police or security forces should be limited to the extent strictly
necessary to provide security.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.3.6 Once the immediate emergency phase is over, camps set up by armed
forces or groups should be managed by civilian authorities or organizations,
and the role of police and security forces should be limited to providing
security, where needed, logistical support, and the provision of goods and
services such as food, shelter and health.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A.4 Protection against
anti-personnel landmines and other explosive devices<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A.4.1 Access for specialized organizations should be facilitated, so
that appropriate measures including information and awareness campaigns and
fencing off and marking relevant areas can be taken by specialized
organizations as soon as possible to protect persons affected by natural disasters,
displaced or not, against the dangers of anti-personnel landmines and other
explosive ordnance that may have been dislodged, concealed or obscured in the
course of the natural disaster.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B. PROTECTION OF RIGHTS
RELATED TO BASIC NECESSITIES OF LIFE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B.1 Access to goods and
services, and humanitarian action<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.1.1 Measures should be taken to ensure that persons affected by
natural disasters, in particularly those displaced, have unimpeded and
non-discriminatory access to goods and services necessary for address their
basic needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.1.2 Humanitarian action should be based on assessed need and provided
to all persons affected by the natural disaster without adverse distinction of
any kind other than that of differing needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.1.3 Safe and non-discriminatory access to available humanitarian
assistance should be secured for all persons in need. In particular, measures
should be taken to grant priority access to vulnerable groups such as
minorities, single-headed households, elderly, people with disabilities and
unaccompanied and separated children.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.1.4 International humanitarian organizations and other appropriate
actors should offer their services in support of persons affected by natural
disasters and in need of humanitarian assistance, in particular when
authorities concerned are unable or unwilling to provide the required
humanitarian assistance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.1.5 Humanitarian action should be carried out in accordance with the
principles of humanity, impartiality and, in countries with armed conflict,
neutrality. Such assistance should not be diverted.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.1.6 International organizations and agencies and other actors
providing humanitarian assistance should ensure coordination of their actions
among themselves and with national and local authorities, taking into account
the responsibilities for certain areas of activities assigned to
specific agencies and organizations.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B.2 Provision of
adequate food, water and sanitation, shelter, clothing and essential<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">health services<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.2.1 During and after the emergency phase of the disaster, adequate
food, water and sanitation, shelter, clothing, and essential health services
should be provided to persons affected by natural disasters who are in need of
these goods and services without any discrimination of any kind as to race,
color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth, age, disability or other status. Adequacy of these
goods and services means that they are (i) available, (ii) accessible, (iii)
acceptable, and (iv) adaptable:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(i)
Availability signifies that these goods and services are made available to the affected
population in sufficient quantity and quality;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(ii)
Accessibility requires that these goods and services (1) are granted without discrimination
to all in need, (2) are within safe reach and can be physically accessed by
everyone, including vulnerable and marginalized groups, and (3) are known to
the beneficiaries;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(iii)
Acceptability refers to the need to provide goods and services that are culturally
appropriate and sensitive to gender and age;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(iv) Adaptability entails that these goods
and services are provided in ways flexible enough to adapt to the change of
needs in the different phases of emergency relief, reconstruction and, in the
case of displaced persons, return.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
During the immediate emergency phase, food, water, shelter, clothing,
health services and sanitation are considered adequate if they ensure survival
to all in need of them.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.2.2 If food, water and sanitation, shelter, clothing, and health
services are not available in sufficient quantities, they should be provided
first to those most in need. The definition of need should be based and
assessed on non-discriminatory and objective criteria.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.2.3 If the host population, which has not been directly affected by
the natural disaster, suffers from similar shortages of water and sanitation,
shelter, clothing, and essential health services as the those affected by the
natural disaster, relief should be provided to it on an equitable basis as
well.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.2.4 The right to shelter should be understood as the right to live
somewhere in security, peace and dignity. These criteria should be used as
benchmarks in planning and implementing shelter programs, taking into account
the different circumstances during and after the emergency phase.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.2.5 Those affected by the natural disaster should be given access to
psychosocial assistance and social services, when necessary. Special attention
should be given to the health needs of women, including provisions of
appropriate clothing and hygienic supplies, access to female health care
providers and services, such as reproductive health care, as well as
psychosocial care for victims of sexual and other abuses.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
B.2.6 Special attention should also be given to the prevention of
contagious and infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, among the affected
population, particularly among those displaced by the disaster.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C. PROTECTION OF OTHER
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C.1 Education<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.1.1 The return of children, whether displaced or not, to schooling
should be facilitated as early and as quickly as possible after the disaster.
Education should respect their cultural identity, language and tradition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.1.2 Education should be compulsory and free at the primary level.
Measures should be taken to ensure that education is not disrupted at higher
levels when students, as a consequence of the disaster, can no longer afford
such education.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.1.3 Special efforts should be made to ensure the full and equal
participation of women and girls affected by the natural disaster in
educational programs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C.2 Property and
possession<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.1 Competent authorities should be requested to protect, to the
extent possible, property and possessions left behind by persons or communities
displaced by the natural disaster, against looting, destruction, and arbitrary
or illegal appropriation, occupation or use.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.2 Unused private property and possessions may be temporarily, but no
longer than absolutely necessary, allocated to those displaced by the natural
disaster. Competent authorities should be requested to ensure that owners of
affected property are adequately compensated for such use. Due process
guarantees and access to fair and impartial legal procedures should be assured
for all parties.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.3 The return of persons or communities displaced by the natural
disaster to their property and possessions should be facilitated as soon as
possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.4 Owners, whose land deeds or property documents have been lost or
damaged during the natural disaster or whose land boundaries have been
destroyed, should be provided with accessible procedures to re-claim ownership
of their original land and property without undue delay.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.5 Legal procedures should be put in place to consider competing
claims to land and property with due process guarantees and without delay.
Access to an independent court or tribunal should be guaranteed if the decision
is not accepted by both parties.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.6 Specific arrangements should be made to enable women, particularly
widows, as well as orphaned children to (re-)claim housing, land or property
and to acquire housing or land title deeds in their own name.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.7 Specific arrangements should be made to enable and facilitate
recognition of claims to land title and ownership based on prolonged
possession, in the absence of formal land titles, especially for indigenous
peoples.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.8 Appropriate measures should be taken to protect persons or
communities affected by natural disasters, in particular the poor, women,
members of minority groups or indigenous peoples, or those displaced, against
undue or illegal attempts by landlords, speculators, local authorities and
other actors to deprive them of their property and possessions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.9 Prohibitions to remain in or return to certain areas and/or to
rebuild that are not based on law and, in the individual case, necessary for
reasons of safety, health, disaster prevention, or the implementation of
reconstruction and development schemes should not be supported. In all cases of
prohibitions to remain or to return and rebuild measures should be taken to
provide owners with due process guarantees, including the right to be heard and
the right of access to an independent court or tribunal, as well as just
compensation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.10 Should evictions become unavoidable in the course of measures
mentioned above in A.1.3 and C.2.3, the following guarantees should be put in
place: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(a) an opportunity
for genuine consultation with those affected; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(b) adequate
and reasonable notice prior to the scheduled date of eviction; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(c)
information on the eviction and future use of land to be made available in
reasonable time; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(d) government
officials to be present during an eviction; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(e) all
persons carrying out the eviction to be properly identified; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(f)
evictions not to take place during bad weather or at night; <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(g)
provision of legal remedies; and <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
(h)
provision of legal aid where needed to seek redress from the courts.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.2.10 Evictions, in particular those ordered in the context of
evacuations and of secondary occupants of property and possessions left behind
by persons displaced by the natural disaster, should not render individuals
homeless or vulnerable to the violation of other human rights. Appropriate
measures should be taken to ensure that adequate alternative housing,
resettlement or access to productive land is made available to those unable to
provide for themselves.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C.3 Housing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.3.1 Appropriate measures allowing for the speedy transition, without
discrimination of any kind, from temporary or intermediate shelter to temporary
or permanent housing, fulfilling the requirements of adequacy in international
human rights law, should be taken as soon as possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.3.2 The criteria for adequacy are: accessibility, affordability,
habitability, security of tenure, cultural adequacy, suitability of location,
and access to essential services such as health and education, as well as respect
for safety standards aimed at reducing damage in cases of future disasters.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.3.3 To ensure sustainable long-term planning of resettlement and
reconstruction in the aftermaths of a natural disasters, all affected groups
and persons, including women, indigenous peoples and persons with disabilities
should be consulted and participate in the planning and implementation of
housing programs. To the extent possible and provided that necessary safety
standards are met, owner of destroyed houses should be allowed to decide on
their own how to rebuild them.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C.4 Livelihood and work<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.4.1 Projects to restore economic activities, opportunities and
livelihoods that are disrupted by the natural disaster should start as soon and
as completely as possible. To the extent possible, such measures should already
be taken during the emergency phase.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.4.2 Where individuals are unable to return to previous sources of
livelihood due to the natural disaster, appropriate measures including
provision of re-training opportunities or micro-credits should be taken to
provide without any discrimination of any kind as to race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth, age, disability or other status.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
C.4.3 Access to livelihoods and employment opportunities should be taken
into account when planning temporary camps and relocation sites, as well as
permanent re-housing for individuals displaced by the natural disaster.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">D. PROTECTION OF OTHER
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">D.1 Documentation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.1.1 Organizations providing humanitarian assistance to persons
affected by natural disasters should grant access to life-saving goods and
services even in the absence of relevant documents or issue such documents
without delay even during the emergency phase of the humanitarian action.
Personal data collected and records established in this context shall be
protected against misuse of any kind.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.1.2 Appropriate measures to restore personal documentation, such as
birth, marriage and death certificates; insurance certificates, passports,
personal identification and travel documents; and education and health
certificates, that have been lost or destroyed in a natural disaster, to
persons affected by the natural disaster should be taken as early as possible,
including during the emergency phase.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.1.3 Women and men should be treated equally when documents of any kind
are issued. Women should be issued documentation in their own names.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.1.4 Unaccompanied and orphaned children should be issued documentation
in their own names.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.1.5 Loss of personal documentation should not be used to justify the
denial of essential food and relief services; to prevent individuals from
travelling to safe areas or from returning to their homes; or to impede their
access to employment opportunities.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.1.6 Loss of documents proving land tenure and ownership should not be
used to impede property rights (Guidelines under C.2).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">D.2 Freedom of movement
and right to return<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.2.1 Persons displaced by natural disaster should be provided with the
information necessary to exercise their right to freely decide where they want
to live i.e. whether they want to return to their homes, to integrate where
they are staying during their displacement or to resettle to another part of
the country, in accordance with their right to freedom of movement.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.2.2 Appropriate measures should be taken as soon as possible to
establish conditions conducive to sustainable return in safety and dignity, as
well as to provide the means, which allow persons displaced by the disaster to
return to their homes or places of habitual residence, or to remain or resettle
voluntarily in another part of the country. Conditions are considered
sustainable if:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
i.) people
feel safe and secure, free from harassment and intimidation, as well as from
unmitigated risks of further calamitous effects produced by natural hazards;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
ii.) people
have been able to repossess their properties or homes, and these have been
adequately reconstructed or rehabilitated;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.4pt;">
iii.) people
can return to their life as normally as possible, with access to services, schools,
livelihoods, employment, markets, etc without discrimination.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">D.3 Family life and
missing or dead relatives<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.1 Members of displaced families who wish to remain together should
be allowed and assisted to do so, including during the emergency phase and in
the context of return or resettlement.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.2 Appropriate measures should be taken as early and quickly as
possible to reestablish contacts between members of families that have been
separated in the course of the disaster, and to reunite them without delay,
particularly when children are involved.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.3 Separated and unaccompanied children should be assisted in
accordance with the best interests of the child; in particular, the placing of
children in institutions should be avoided whenever possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.4 Measures should be taken to establish the fate and whereabouts of
missing relatives, and to inform the next of kin on the progress of the
investigation and results obtained.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.5 Measures should be taken to collect and identify the mortal
remains of those deceased, prevent their despoliation or mutilation, and
facilitate the return of the remains to the next of kin. If remains cannot be
returned, for example, when the next of kin cannot be identified or contacted,
they must be disposed of respectfully and in a manner which will help their
future recovery and identification.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.6 Cremation of unidentified bodies should be avoided. Instead, they
should be stored or buried temporarily for future identification and return to
families.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.7 All burials should be conducted in a way that respects the dignity
and privacy of the dead and of their living family members, including the
possibility of recovery of the human remains for future identification and
reburial if required, and taking into account local religious and cultural
practices and beliefs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.8 Measures should be taken to protect funerary sites and monuments
from desecration or disturbance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.9 Family members should be fully informed about the location of
grave sites, and have full access to them. They should be given the opportunity
to erect memorials and conduct religious ceremonies as needed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.3.10 Family members should have the opportunity to recover the remains
of their dead for further forensic investigations and to dispose of them
according to their own religious and cultural beliefs and practices.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">D.4 Expression, assembly
and association, and religion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.4.1 Mechanisms should be established to enable communities to give
feedback and raise complaints or grievances on the disaster relief, recovery
and reconstruction response. Efforts should be made to ensure that women and
persons with special needs such as children, older persons, disabled,
single-headed households and members of religious and ethnic minority groups or
indigenous peoples are specially consulted and can participate in all aspects
of the disaster response. Persons affected by the natural disaster should be
protected against adverse reaction for exchanging information or expressing
their opinions and concerns regarding the disaster relief, recovery and
reconstruction efforts. Opportunity should be provided for affected persons to
conduct peaceful assemblies or to form associations for this purpose.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.4.2 Religious traditions should be respected as appropriate when
planning and implementing humanitarian assistance, including in the context of
food assistance, health care services, and living and sanitary arrangements.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.4.3 Opportunity should be provided for the exercise of religious faith
in a manner that respects the rights and beliefs of others and does not incite
discrimination, hostility or violence.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ES-PR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">D.5 Electoral Rights<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
D.5.1 Measures should be taken to ensure that persons affected by the
natural disaster can exercise their right to vote in elections and to be
elected, in particular if they have been displaced. Such measures may include
voter registration and arrangements for absentee voting.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> IASC. ( June
9, 2006). Protecting persons affected by natural disasters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IASC
Operational guidelines on human rights and natural disasters</i>. Geneva,
Switzerland. Inter Agency Standing Committee.</div>
</div>
</div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-45039137095778162622014-12-04T09:28:00.005-08:002014-12-04T09:29:08.321-08:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IMPLEMENTING PSYCHOSOCIAL
SUPPORT PROGRAMS: THE AMERICAN RED CROSS EXPERIENCE <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz
and Anjana Dayal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">American Red Cross, New
Delhi, India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">April 10, 2007</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><b>Note to the reader:</b> This is archival data not reported by Mr Steven Powqell in his " Psychosocial Programming: Meta Evaluation-American Red Cross Mr. Steven Powell" 2010.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
purpose of this report is to outline an approach utilized by the American Red
Cross in the development of a psychosocial support program to serve the
survivors of the 2004 South Asia Tsunami. The report present the theoretical
basis for the components of the program: staff development, community and
school interventions. A discussion of ‘sense of place’ sets the stage for the
interventions planned and implemented. International standards are presented
and the framework for using these standards is discussed. At the end of two
years the program has served over 350,000 beneficiaries in India, Indonesia,
Republic of Maldives and Republic of Sri Lanka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>INTRODUCTION</b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Psychosocial support is an accepted practice during
the recovery and reconstruction phases following disasters. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Saraceno (2006) suggests that psychosocial support
addresses the reactions to enormous losses, which are often ignored or
forgotten in the immediate aftermath, and during the reconstruction phase, of a
disaster. Psychosocial support
builds on the knowledge and awareness of local needs and protective factors to
provide psychological and social support to people affected by disasters. The
aim is to enhance survivors’ capacity to achieve psychological competence. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Psychosocial support identifies the survivor as the
main actor in the reestablishment of ‘sense of place’. They are actively
engaged in making communal decisions, taking the time and making an effort to
choose their goals, identifying resources and making action plans − all of
which empower them and their communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">There has been a move
in the past ten years to develop Psychosocial Support Programs (PSP) as part of
the repertoire of services offered in the aftermath of a disaster. Recently the
IFRC </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular;">(2006)
recognized the importance of the psychosocial support programs. The IFRC
reports that “one area where the International Federation has had considerable
impact is in providing psychosocial support in post-disaster situations.” (p.
21). This was an area of
work much appreciated by the Host National Societies. It was recognized that
the need for psychosocial assistance after a major disaster is likely to
persist over a much longer time than the usual intervention period of emergency
services. Consider making psychosocial support programs a core area for the
International Federation in recovery; encourage mutual support for psychosocial
support programs among National Societies from the same region (IFRC, 2006, p.
21).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">In 2002, as a result of
the Gujarat earthquake, the Indian Red Cross developed a strong Disaster Mental
Health and Psychosocial Care Program. The materials prepared by the Indian Red
Cross Society (IRCS) have been used extensively in South and South-East Asia as
valuable resources following the 2004 tsunami. Trained IRCS members have joined
the American Red Cross (ARC) in providing a timely and strategic response
immediately after the tsunami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Following
the 2004 Asia Tsunami and the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005, psychosocial support
activities have come to the fore. As psychosocial support continues to be
identified by the humanitarian community as a tool for alleviating suffering
and enhancing resilience of the survivors, the question that arises is: what
constitutes psychosocial support intervention leading to reestablishment of
‘sense of place’ and achieving psychological competence. This paper attempts to
address that question.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">2.0. Theoretical</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Framework for the Psychosocial Support Program</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">2.1.
Sense of place<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The term ‘place’
denotes humans’ subjective experiences and meanings of the locations which they
inhabit (Bott, Cantrill, and Myers
2003). Steele (1981) noted several types of place experiences (immediate
feelings and thoughts, views of the world, intimate knowledge of one spot,
memories or fantasies, personal identification, etc.) and several major
characteristics of place (identity, history, fantasy, mystery, joy, surprise,
security, vitality, and memory).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The recent tsunami
highlighted the importance of memories in determining place attachment, as well
as of control over meaningful space, the manipulation of that space, and the
re-creation of some essence of significant past settings in later life. Such
acts have important psychological consequences: we are motivated to effect those
changes in order to discover, confirm, and remember who we are. Our memories
of, and self-expressions through, settings are profound reminders of
self-identity, especially at times when that identity is weakened or threatened
(Cantrill and Senecah 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Tuan (1974) used the
term ‘rootedness’ to denote the merger of personality with place, based on
living in a location for an extended length of time. Prohansky, Fabian, and
Kaminoff (1983) defined ‘place identity’ as a relationship in which, through
personal attachment to a geographically locatable place, a person acquires a
sense of belonging and purpose in that place, which gives meaning to life.
Moore and Graefe (1994) considered ‘place identity’ to be the valuing of a
particular setting for emotional-symbolic reasons, such as profound ‘first’
experiences, or being from a place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">2.2.
Loss of place: Most Serious Impact of a Disaster <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fullilove (1996) suggests that any catastrophic
event causes a loss of place and triggers the need to survive. Human survival
depends on having a location that is ‘good enough’ to support life. People
interacting in a psychosocial environment are sensitive to spoken and unspoken
dynamics of power. Messages of acceptance and mutual respect are essential for
the creation of strong community networks. Those that do not bind the
individual to the group may leave people feeling isolated, without a sense of
common purpose. Over time, survivors develop a unique perspective of what their
‘place’ is. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are different stages of human responses
during the recovery and reconstruction phases that are similar to the phases of
community development. In effect,
the establishment of self is nothing more than reconstructing a sense of
community, and concludes with the development of competence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">2.3. Re-Establishing a Sense of Place <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Participatory assessment is one of the most
frequently used techniques in assessing the community needs, determining risks,
and identifying community resources. The purpose of participatory assessment is
to give a voice to those community groups that are traditionally not heard. In
this section, four forms of participatory assessment are discussed: (1)
community mapping, (2) community three-dimensional models, (3) community
inventories, and (4) focused groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">When the community is ready to design a community
resilience project, it must identify and prioritize the problems that need to
be tackled. It needs to learn techniques that involve all community members in
the identification of problems that affect psychosocial well-being. Therefore,
community members need to learn the principles and skills of participating in
evaluation, assessment, and appraisal. There must be agreement and consensus
among community members that the problem chosen to be solved is the one with
the highest priority. An accurate appraisal by the community members is
necessary before the members can decide upon priorities and agree on a project
to initiate action. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">3.0. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 13.0pt;">Standards,
Indicators, and Guidance</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Attempts in the last
three years to include psychosocial support in emergency response guidelines
and standards have witnessed the development of standard tools and guidance
documents by SPHERE Project (2004), Inter-Agency Network for Education in
Emergency (INEE) (2004), and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support developed
by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (MHPSS/IASC) (2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The SPHERE Project
defines ‘social intervention’ as that which primarily aims at social effects.
‘Psychological intervention’ means intervention that aims at psychological (or
psychiatric) effect. It acknowledges that social interventions have secondary
psychological effects and that psychological interventions have secondary
social effects, as the term ‘psychosocial’ suggests (p. 291). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">INEE defines
psychosocial support as a methodology that fosters the reconstruction of local
structures (family, community groups, and schools) which have been destroyed or
weakened by a disaster, so that they can provide appropriate and effective
support to those suffering severe stress resulting from ‘loss of place’
(Nicolai 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The most recent MHPSS guidance for Mental Health
and psychosocial support developed by the IASC (2007) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">enables humanitarian
actors and communities to plan, establish, and coordinate a set of minimum
responses to </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">protect and improve
people’s mental health and psychosocial well-being in an emergency. Minimum
responses are the first and essential steps that lay the foundation for more
comprehensive efforts that may be needed over the life of an emergency
(including the stabilized and early reconstruction phases). These guidelines
bridge the traditional divide between mental health and psychosocial support
programs during disaster recovery and reconstruction. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The guidelines
contain strategies for mental health and psychosocial support to be considered
immediately before and after the acute emergency phase. These ‘before’
(emergency preparedness) and ‘after’ (comprehensive response) steps establish a
context for the minimum response and emphasize that they are only the starting
point for more comprehensive support.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">These guidelines (SPHERE,
INEE, and IASC/MHPSS) serve as a roadmap for the development of psychosocial
support programmes during the acute, recovery, and reconstruction stages
following a disaster. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">3.1.
Initiating Community Contact<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Psychosocial
support practices include several steps which assist the community in the
identification of perceived and felt needs. Among the lessons learned from the
American Red Cross PSP is that several steps need to be taken with the
community as the main actor, including: (1) inputs from all community members
through community mapping exercises, (2) systematic information to assist the
community in prioritizing its perceived needs, (3) identification of community
resources and human capital, and (4) involvement of community members as
executors of the projects (planning, developing, monitoring, and reporting). <br />
<br />
Community inputs are obtained through community mapping exercises and by
preparing community facilitators to assist different groups in the process of
developing a community-driven agenda for recovery and reconstruction.
Communities develop their capacities based on their recognized strengths and
solidarities. Including communities in managing their own resources (Greenberg
and Sundararajan 2006) is the result of a mapping exercise. Equity and respect for
human rights are central to the recovery process. Preparing Red Cross
volunteers, branch personnel, and community facilitators, as well as
understanding the language of distress of the community, is called the
‘gestation period’ of the project. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><br />
The way of enhancing the capacity of the community to look at itself is through
community mapping. The psychosocial community committee, comprising Red Cross
volunteers, community facilitators, traditional healers, and trusted elderly
and under-represented groups, participate in a physical walk through the
community, and draw a map of the area. The map includes communal facilities,
buildings, roads, utilities, human capital, and environmental strengths and
risks. After the map has been drawn, the community facilitators, along with
small diverse groups (women, children, adolescents, and elderly men), develop
separate maps. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Next,
all the small groups prepare a large three-dimensional map, combining and
synthesizing what is included in all small-group maps. These maps reflect the
perspective of the participants and reveal much about local knowledge of
resources, land use, and settlement patterns, or household characteristics.
Community mapping is a dynamic process, and reflects the worldview and focused
objective of the exercise; therefore it must be reviewed every quarter. In an
integrated program, it is essential that different groups address the focused
objective and then utilize photography and tabletop layouts to interpose layers
(similar to GIS technology). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><br />
In this activity, the Red Cross volunteer identifies someone who may assume the
role of community facilitator and who could introduce the volunteer to a small
circle of families, friends, and acquaintances. These networks are used for
initial interviews and for observation. Since everyone knows many other people,
the Red Cross volunteer and the community facilitator work their way through
social groups, finding more and more people to talk to, and being allowed into
more and more homes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><br />
This process takes considerable time since virtually no one is willing to talk
in depth about his or her disaster reactions and subsequent experiences on the
first visit. Time, familiarity, and ‘going with the flow’ are needed until
enough rapport is established so that the Red Cross volunteer can take out a
note pad, or videotape the interview.<br />
<br />
Once the primary barriers are down, the volunteer and the community facilitator
(with supervision by ARC expatriate staff) are able to return and gather more
information from the community members. The Red Cross volunteer and the
community facilitator gain the trust of the survivors, and people share their
views with others who support, create, and run the community-based PSP in small
focused groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><br />
The five-step process involves PSP personnel from outside assisting the local
branches and communities in developing their own resources. There are typically
five specific stages in the participatory process followed by the ARC/PSP
model: (1) entry into the community, (2) sharing of information gathered during
initial interviews with families, (3) information review and confirmation with
ARC personnel to come up with themes and key informants in the community, (4)
focused group interviews on selected topics, and (5) exit from the community.
In all cases, these are cyclical processes which may take between one to three
months.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">4.0. C</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 13.0pt;">ore Components of Psychosocial
Support</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">4.1. The School Program<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
school-based program is composed of several projects that are oriented towards
understanding the psychosocial competence of children, teachers and
volunteers. Teachers learn to
listen to children and plan school activities with them. Creative and expressive activities
create an environment where students can begin to express themselves in a safe
and non-judgmental environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">A. School Psychosocial
Crisis Response Planning<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
first step in developing a psychosocial support program in schools is to work
closely with teachers and volunteers so that they understand:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• The role of teachers
and the school in promoting the physical and emotional development of children,
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• How to develop methods
for classroom management that promote positive behavior changes and a safe and
secure environment, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• How to create, and the
importance of creating, a learning environment that is safe for children to
express themselves and learn ways to communicate positively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
American Red Cross PSP program uses participatory methods with all school
groups (children, teachers, volunteers, parents, and other adults in schools)
to identify mental health and psychosocial needs, provide staff development for
teachers and other adults (teachers, community social workers, and non-formal
educators) and assist the school community to establish a psychosocial crisis response
plan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Teachers and other school staff and volunteers
receive relevant and structured capacity-building activities, teaching aids,
and tools to develop their skills.
Using these activities and tools enables them to provide psychosocial
support to students and their families when needed and promote students’
development of psychosocial competence according to the needs and
circumstances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Teachers
are encouraged to share their adaptations and experiences with other adults in
the school which may be included in the teacher-training curriculum. Teachers
and other school personnel are provided with regular supervision and capacity-building
activities on topics related to psychosocial competence and support for their
own psychosocial needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Teachers
and other adults start the process of developing a plan by identifying what
constitutes a crisis in their respective schools. Once the definition of crisis is made operational and the
teachers understand the concept of vulnerability and protective factors, they
then learn to conduct a situational analysis of their school grounds. The analysis is recorded by preparing a
three-dimensional map of the school grounds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The two questions that are answered in this
exercise are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Where is our particular exposure to
the threats identified and who is at risk as a result?</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">How and why are we vulnerable?</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Usually teachers spend a lot of time discussing
external sources of the problems.
Once they get back to their map, the discussion turns inward to the
reality of their school situation and challenges in the grounds around it. The teachers identify the vulnerable
population that may be at risk (kindergarten classes, children with ‘exceptional’
needs, or those that are physically or mentally handicapped). School mapping is
carried out to understand the risks in achieving psychosocial competence of
teachers and students. Teachers
and students are exposed to capacity-building activities that prepare them to
handle a crisis or an emergency. Exercises and simulations are conducted every
two months to make sure that all members of the school community are able to
perform their assigned tasks. Since schools do not have the resources for the
equipment needed for this activity, the program provides the equipment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
teachers also identify available school resources that can support the
activities to reduce crisis-related distress. They identify the key elements of
the response strategy in cases of crisis or emergency. This exercise broadens the
understanding of the teachers and students about the risks which they are
exposed to and the resources available to cope with those risks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
primary stakeholders for all school activities are children. Therefore, ARC’s
PSP focuses on developing the skills of children as an investment for the
future of the community and to make them educated citizens, leading to the well-being
of the community and the nation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
final part of the capacity-building activities in the ‘Safe School Program’ is
the appointment of the coordinating committee and five operational committees.
The coordinating committee manages the training, simulations, and response. The
five operational committees are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">1. Evacuation,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">2. Damage Assessment,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">3. Physical First Aid,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">4. Psychological First Aid, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">5. Administrative/Coordinating Committee.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">These
five committees are made up of teachers, students, and other adults in the
school. Ultimately, the purpose of appointing these committees is to be able to
return the children safely to the local authorities and the parents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">B.</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <b>Facilitating
a School Environment that leads to Psychosocial Competence<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Once
the school has developed the ‘Safe School Program’ and children and teachers
are capable of carrying out the activities in the plan, the projects turns its
focus on preparing teachers to facilitate education for the children in an
environment that nurtures learning and provides teachers with an understanding
of all the students. Usually this activity begins in the early reconstruction
phase of the disaster (the guidance for this activity is taken from the INEE
Standards). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Most
classrooms participating in the program receive school chests and recreation
kits. The chest contains drawing books, pencils, crayons, colored clay, and
skipping ropes, which are useful in engaging children and provide a window for
expressing feelings and sharing experiences. The recreation kits provide board
games, balls, musical instruments, and other outdoor games. The teachers are
given clear instructions about the contents of each kit and they organize a
one-day workshop in developing activities that are contextual and age-specific
for the children in their classrooms. The school chest and recreational kit
serve as conduits for psychosocial activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">C. Organizing Expressive and Creative Activities
in Schools<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">To
alleviate disaster-related stress in students, counselors, and other school
personnel could use one of the three culturally appropriate approaches: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Garamond;">The <b>talking
approach</b><i> </i>allows children to talk about their feelings
and experiences related to the disaster. The sequence to follow while
using the approach is to speak about disasters in general, discuss their
specific disaster, and talk about their personal experience during the
disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Garamond;">The <b>drawing
approach</b> facilitates children to express their feelings using a
non-verbal medium. The stimulus could be a question such as, ‘Where were
you when the disaster struck?’ The ARC experience has been that collages
are a powerful means of expression.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Garamond;">The <b>writing
approach<i> </i></b>can be used with older children and
adolescents. Utilizing either drawing, paper clippings, or pictures as the
stimulus allows students to write about their disaster-related
experiences.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Under
the program, expressive and creative activities (drama, drawing, writing,
singing, dancing, group discussions, arts and crafts, collages, story telling,
plays and community theatre) are organized in the schools. These activities
allowed the children in the target schools and communities to communicate their
feelings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> 4.2.
Re-establishing the Community’s ‘Sense of
Place’ <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The objective of
engaging the community in a systematic process of looking at themselves and
determining their strengths and human capital is called ‘Re-establishing the
Sense of Place’. It is experienced that the community interventions that are
planned and developed for enhancing resilience and assisting the community in
using their own resources for re-establishing their ‘sense of place’ are
proactive, preventive, and positive in minimizing psychological dysfunction. Ultimately
the program strives to achieve social and psychological competence in survivors
and emerging communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"> The programs’ objectives are to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Conduct
participatory assessment and context analysis of the local community’s
resources, services, and practices, including local resource people and community
members,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Provide
capacity-building and supervise community-based psychosocial workers administering
emergency support to alleviate disaster-related distress, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Address
pre-emergency negative psychological or social behaviors and assist the
community members to identify potential resilience activities which will
contribute to the community psychosocial competence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The program identifies
community volunteers and provides capacity-building to them so that they can
become community facilitators. The community facilitators assist in the
development of community-owned and managed psychosocial support activities by
promoting positive coping, influencing individual and group behaviors, and
strengthening networks that lead to psychosocial competence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Table 1 below briefly
outlines the qualifications of the community facilitators. In every community,
the effort is to identify one person in every 50, as a community facilitator.
There are three distinct sets of activities that have to be developed by
community facilitators: (1) informal schooling, (2) informal health, and (3)
community organization. All program segments rely on resilience projects to help
the community move forward. Thus the challenge in developing community programs
is to recognize that by enhancing resilience and assisting the community in
attaining its ‘sense of place,’ psychosocial competence is achieved, which is
the <b>focus of community-based psychosocial support programs<i>.</i></b><i>
<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Table 1:</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> Three
Lines of Community Service for American Red Cross PSP Community Facilitators
(36 hours of Capacity-Building Activities and 100 hours of Supervision)</span></i><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Informal schooling<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Informal Health<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Community cohesion and resilience projects<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Identify children, adolescent
and adults that are interested in vocational education, literacy, and
numeracy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Coordinates with the formal
health system regarding psychosocial needs and community mental health<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mobilizes the community by
assisting in the organization of community resilience projects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Organize safe zones within
the community where creative and expressive activities take place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Promotes psychosocial
well-being through community participatory activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">With the community, assists
in conducting community mapping to identify psychosocial risk and resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assists in organizing
literacy, numeracy, and vocational education activities in the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Promotes activities that
address the importance of strengthening networks and the social factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assist representatives of
the community to organize resilience projects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assist the teachers in
planning and solution-focused activities with children and adolescents to
enhance their problem solving skills.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Provides structured social
services outside of the health sector. Including developing skills to conduct
burial rites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assist the representatives
of the community to identify human capital<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Promote psychosocial
support and self care among the children and adolescents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Promotes promotion of
mental health and self care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assists in the organization
of psychosocial support brigades in the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">A.
Informal Schooling</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
The
‘informal school program’ works with children below five and out-of-school
youth and marginalized groups of handicapped individuals, elderly, and widows.
Each of these informal schools is provided with a recreation kits and other
psychosocial support materials. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Education
within these schools is facilitated by the community facilitators and led by
volunteer teachers<i>.<b> </b></i>In
the morning sessions, the focus is on education for children under five. The
community facilitator, informal school teacher, and adults and adolescents from
various marginalized groups assist in educating this group. In the afternoon
sessions, the activities focus on education for out-of-school youth and
tutoring for children who need extra attention. These informal schools also
serve as a venue where community elders come together to educate children about
their common history and culture, and enhance their vocational skills. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Informal
schooling includes creative and expressive activities<b> </b>to facilitate the
involvement of the whole community including elderly, physically handicapped,
widows, and children in the recovery process. Not everyone feels comfortable
expressing themselves verbally.
Creative and expressive activities such as drawing, story telling, art
and crafts, can provide creative ways for these individuals to communicate
their feelings. Community-based skits and story telling has also proven to be a
powerful and effective way of venting feelings; it is a simple healing process
with feeling of enjoyment and togetherness. These types of activities are used
both in the school and community-focused activities to facilitate expression of
feelings, reduce distress, and enhance a sense of belonging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">B.
Informal Health Activities</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond;">Community health is divided into two
sectors: 1) Trained medical personnel in the community health clinic or the
local hospital conduct formal health activities, and 2) Community members carry
out informal health activities.
These interventions usually rely on the traditional community resources,
belief systems, and the definition of psychological well-being before the
disaster. This level is broad and
covers: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond;">1. Strengthening of support provided
by pre-existing community resources,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond;">2. Community participatory activities
that include getting members of the community together in identifying and
planning community activities to reduce mental and social distress and promote
self care, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond;">3. Activities that address important
social factors to reduce social suffering,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond;">4. Structured social services outside
the health sector, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond;">5. Strengthening of community networks
through community activities that ensure that isolated persons come in contact
with one another and mutual support is generated. </span><b><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">C. Community Cohesion and Resilience Projects</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
community facilitator is in charge of mobilizing the community and has
responsibilities that are similar to someone working in disaster preparedness
or response. The difference is that the community facilitator brings together
representatives of all segments of the community for understanding the
community and to plan a project jointly. Planning, conducting, and evaluating a
project leads to a more cohesive community with renewed skills for developing
itself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Keeping
the deliverables in sight, the training of the community facilitator consists
of elements of leadership, group development, and conflict resolution, and mapping
and developing a community plan.
The plan should identify orphans and vulnerable children, including
children with physical disabilities, children in women-headed households;
identify widows and widowers; identify other vulnerable populations (those with
physical disabilities, chronic diseases, the elderly, etc.); and establish the
segment of population in need and the ratio that is being served.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">4.3. Organizing, Developing, and Implementing a Community
Resilience Project <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Planning
resilience projects is a ‘futuristic activity’; it is proactive, sequential,
and collaborative. Built upon set of core choices, it must include necessary
details of timing, budget, and phasing. In emergency settings, the surrounding
chaos, suffering, and time pressures push humanitarian agencies to act quickly,
without learning about local beliefs and practices. Due to this haste, it
becomes more likely that culturally inappropriate programming will be imposed.
The meaningful participation of project beneficiaries in the assessment,
planning, and implementation stages is essential for generating appropriate
activities and a sense of ownership and increased likelihood of sustainability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">This
section describes how resilience projects enhance psychosocial competence in
disaster-affected communities. Resilience projects are engaged in a cycle where
the community assesses, formulates, and evaluates the participatory
interventions, which through cycles of response and reconstruction, recognize
community resources and establish a ‘sense of place’ for the survivors. The more
a community takes charge of identifying its own resources (seeking indigenous
solutions and engaging in solution-focused activities), the quicker is recovery
and the achievement of psychosocial competence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 432.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 432.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">To ensure that programming is inclusive, contextual,
culturally sensitive, and appropriate, it is valuable to consider the <b><i>four key questions</i></b> that
determine the response to disaster and assist in developing a comprehensive
community-based PSP:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 432.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• <b><i>What do we want?</i></b><i> </i>All community members get together
and identify their psychosocial support resources and needs. They rank the
resources and needs in two lists and prioritize with the help of the community
facilitator. They identify what they want. This is the basis of the
community-based psychosocial support intervention.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• <b><i>What do we have?</i></b><i> </i>Knowledge about the capacity of the
community, its resources, strengths, and liabilities, by analysing the outcome
of the assessment process gives the community an insight into its actual rather
than felt needs.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• <b><i>How do we use what we have to get what we want?</i></b><i> </i>The community identifies the
resources it has in terms of manpower, tools, land, etc. and in a participatory
process, assesses its utilization to achieve desired results.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">• <b><i>What will happen when we do?</i></b><i> </i>The outcomes of the community effort are compared with
the program objectives, whether achieved or not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">‘Participatory<i>
</i>Situation Analysis’ identifies and defines the characteristics, protective
factors, and problems specific to particular categories of people. Information
for situation analysis and ‘problem definition’ collected from the community
members is valid, reliable, and comprehensive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The qualitative and quantitative ‘Participatory Assessment’<i>
</i>technique identifies the response mechanism for community resources and
determines risks. The assessment process involves the whole community in
decision-making, and encourages community members to take responsibility for
any facility or service that may be installed in the future. Community assessment sets the stage for
the resilience project. Before implementing community-based PSP, the beneficiaries
and potential funding sources should set up clear goals. The support
organizations function as a facilitator, providing structure and stimulation.
Community members are normally and usually willing to engage in the process and
learn the skills in the process. The outcome of the assessment acts as a
baseline or data for problem identification and measuring progress, and is
therefore an element of community-based monitoring and evaluation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">A. Focus Group Discussions<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Focus group discussions are useful when there is a
range of experiences and opinions among members of the community. For support
agencies, it is best to work as a facilitator, leading the discussion and making
a record. The chosen discussion
topics should be fewer and more specific than taken for the general community. Separate
sessions for the different interest groups are conducted, their contributions
carefully recorded, and brought together to share their special concerns.
Special focus groups provide an opportunity to work separately with different
groups that may find it difficult to work together at first, but the
facilitators’ efforts brings them together and bridges the gap<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 21.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The ARC PSP has developed a form that shows the
steps to take in developing a resilience project and the results that will
indicate completion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 21.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Table 2:</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> Steps
to be taken in developing a Resilience Project and the Results<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Steps<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Results<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Community mapping and
analysis of potential problems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">A better understanding of
the problem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Define goal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Clarity about what the
community wants to achieve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Define objectives<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Plan to achieve what the
community wants to do<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Define activities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Things that the community
needs to perform among themselves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Identify people responsible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">People that will be in
charge of each activity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The community will know who
will work, the materials needed, physical, and financial resources available
and what the community needs to get.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Establish time lines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Time within which
tasks/activities are completed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Follow-up<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Make sure that all the
specific tasks/activities are completed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Evaluation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="221"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Verify what the community
has achieved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Agreeing on the
strategy involves determining all inputs needed to implement the project,
defining responsibilities of different groups or individuals, and specifying
roles that they will play in the project<i>. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 21.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">A
mechanism for resultant progress toward objectives and feedback on activities
should also be developed. This may involve participatory assessment meetings in
which monitoring data are discussed and further action plans are elaborated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.0pt;">B. Sharing the Good News<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
completion of the resilience project must be shared with the participants, the
community, and the support agency. The implementation and organization of the
community celebrations involve hard work and are important and vital parts of
the mobilization. For the community, a celebration is an exciting break from
the monotony of work or study. Drumming, dancing, plays, skits, parades, talent
shows, and other modes of entertainment should be included in every
celebration. Invite local amateur culture groups and school groups to perform.
The celebration is a turning point for the community. They recognize that they
are victorious in accomplishing their project. This single step significantly contributes to the community
recognizing its psychosocial competence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">4.4. Supporting Host Government Capacity to
Implement Psychosocial
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> Support
Programs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">In collaborating
closely with the affected country’s government at different levels, the
psychosocial programs can gain institutional acceptance and sustainability. In
the immediate aftermath of a disaster, American Red Cross Psychosocial Support
Programs, as a matter of policy, promptly begin coordination efforts with
government and non-government groups. The coordination groups usually have
representation from key government ministries such as the ministries of health,
social welfare and education; UN agencies, and national and international
non-governmental organizations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The National Societies
act as auxiliaries to the public authorities of their own countries in the
humanitarian field. In most cases, the National Societies encourage the
American Red Cross to participate in tripartite programs with key government
ministries. This is an important element not only with ministries but also
National Universities that the National Societies have worked with on PSP. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The services offered by
ARC include capacity-building, material development and sharing, or purchasing
of books and periodicals on psychosocial support activities and interventions.
This activity has high impact, wide reach, high visibility, and because it is
co-sponsored by the government, high acceptance from the public. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 13.0pt;">5.0. Achieving
Psychosocial Competence<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">An
emerging sector in the realm of public health is psychosocial support. Establishing healthy places is one of
the objectives of a psychosocial support program after a disaster. To achieve
psychosocial competence there are individual and community behaviors that have
been observed during the tsunami recovery process. At the individual level, the
survivor moves from the initial perception of risk and benefits, identifies
healthy actions that will increase the benefits, explores some of these
behaviors, and eventually is able to identify a menu of behaviors that lead to
psychosocial competence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">To
establish community psychosocial competence, the survivors talk to each other
about what has just happened to them, and in doing so, develop
inter-relationships that may in a short period of time, become a social support
network. The survivors attend to urgent needs, responsibility for neighbors
increases, and decisions to toward psychosocial needs are made. The individual
and collective interactions lead to community mapping, examination of
protective factors, shared objectives and activities. Survivors form themselves
into a group that can direct change.
These individual and collective activities result in development of
psychosocial competence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 13.0pt;">6.0. Summary <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Psychosocial
support is recognized as an important component of recovery and reconstruction
efforts in communities in the aftermath of disasters. The forms and methods of
such support have grown in response to the severity of disasters and have been
refined to suit specific local needs. Community resilience projects or the
reestablishment of ‘sense of place’ is a form of empowerment of the community to
move ahead. Empowerment involves identifying healthy behaviors and practice of
these behaviors results in the community networks directing change. For sustainable reconstruction
efforts, the community is the entity that makes choices about what needs to be
done for rebuilding life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">The
key to success in disaster rehabilitation is to ensure that the people affected
are involved in the planning and implementation of recovery programs from day
one, based on an open dialogue and a strong partnership between communities and
humanitarian assistance agencies. The Psychosocial Support Program, described
above, assists community members to build on their own strengths, and develop
their own capacities to mourn losses, celebrate the new beginning, and rebuild
a new community. The surviving population emerge as victors from being victims,
thus enhancing community competence, which is the ultimate goal of psychosocial
support programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Garamond;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Bott, S., Cantrill, J.
G., and Myers, O. E. (2003) ‘Place and the Promise of Conservation Psychology’,
<i>Human Ecology Review</i>, 10(2) 100-112.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"> Cantrill, J. G. and
Senecah, S. L. (2001) ‘Using the “Sense of Self-in-Place” Construct in the
Context of Environmental Policy Making and Landscape Planning’, <i>Environmental
Science and Policy</i> 4,
185-204.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Fullilove, M. T. (1996)
‘Psychiatric Implications of Displacement: Contributions from the Psychology of
Place, <i>Am J Psychiatry</i>, 153: 1516-23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Greenberg,
B. M. and Sundararajan, R. ‘The Use and Application of Community Options, Assessment,
and Investment Tools (www.irmgt.com/pdf/COAIT, downloaded on 2 January 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Futura-Book;">IFRC (2006). <i>Review of
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies recovery
operations: </i></span><i><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Futura-Light;">Summary report</span></i><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Futura-Light;">. Geneva,
Switzerland: </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Futura-Book;">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Interagency
Network for Education in Emergencies (2004). <i>Minimum standards for education in emergencies, chronic crises, and
early reconstruction.</i> Paris, France: International Institute for
Educational Planning UNESCO. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Inter-Agency Standing
Committee (2007) <i>IASC Guidelines on
Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings</i>,<i> </i>Geneva: IASC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Moore, R. L. and
Graefe, A. R. (1994) ‘Attachments to Recreation Settings’, <i>Leisure Sciences</i>,<i> </i>16, 17-31.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Nicolai, S. (2003)
‘Psychosocial Needs of Conflict-affected Children and Adolescents’, World
Bank-IIEP Summer School Background Paper, Paris: UNESCO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Prewitt Diaz, J. O., Trotter, R. T., and Riviera,
V. (1990) </span><i><span style="font-family: Garamond;">The Effects of Migration on Children: An Ethnographic Study</span></i><span style="font-family: Garamond;">, State College: The Pennsylvania State
University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Prohansky, H. M.,
Fabian, A. K., and Kaminoff, R. (1983) ‘Place-Identity’, <i>Journal of
Environmental Psychology</i> 3,
57-83.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Saraceno,
B. (2006) ‘Foreword’, in Reyes, G. and Jacobs, G. A. (eds) <i>Fundamentals and Overview of the Handbook of International Disaster
Psychology</i> (Vol. 1) Westport: Praeger Publishers. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">SPHERE Project (2004) <i>Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards
in Disaster Response</i>, Geneva: Sphere Project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Spradley, J. (1979) <i>The Ethnographic Interview</i>, Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
College Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Steele, F. 1981. <i>The Sense of Place</i>.
Boston: CBI Publishing.</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Tuan, Yi-Fu, (1974) <i>Topophilia</i>, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-68054878705985706782014-12-04T08:55:00.000-08:002014-12-04T09:20:17.868-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">THE TRAINING MODEL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Dr. Joseph O. Prewitt </span><span lang="ES-GT" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Díaz</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Psychosocial Delegate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">American Red Cross<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p><b>Note to the Reader:</b> This is archival material from the American Red Cross Psychosocial Support program in India. Presented to the Secretary General, Dr. (Mrs.) Ramalingam on April 24, 2003 in New Delhi, India. She approved the strategy on that same meeting. </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">One of the objectives of the American Red Cross
strategy in providing technical and financial support to the Indian Red Cross
Society is to conduct staff development activities in all sectors of the
Society: National HQ, State Branches, and Local Branches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the target local Branches, villages
and schools will be targeted for direct services. Teachers and community
facilitators will be trained via thematic units focusing on group development,
community based disaster mental health preparation, publicizing mental health
and psychosocial care programs, and skills necessary to promote proactive behaviors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
achieve the training objective of the Workplan, three distinct groups will be
prepared: (1) crisis intervention professionals, (2) crisis intervention
specialists, and (3) crisis intervention technicians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Crisis
Intervention Professionals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
first group, crisis intervention professionals, is individuals who have a
background in mental health or disaster preparedness, response, or management.
They will be assigned to the Disaster Management Center (DMC) of the Indian Red
Cross Society, and will commit 500 hours of volunteer time after completing the
program of study. The pre-requisite to participate in this program is a
Master’s degree or higher and/or equivalent experience in disaster related
activities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
role of the professionals will be to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Advice the DMC staff on matters of Disaster Mental
Health before, during and after a disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">To conduct or coordinate the development and execution
of a rapid needs assessment in the affected geographical area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">To call out other mental health professionals,
organize DMH teams and coordinate teams in the field from the DMC to provide
timely service to the affected geographical area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Prepare, conduct, and disseminate training activities,
education, and public information activities pertaining to Disaster Mental
Health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Coordinate DMH services to the affected community with
GO’s and NGO’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Other activities as assigned by the DMC Director.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">To perform these tasks, the candidate will complete a
course of study composed of eight (8) courses. These courses will require (1)
classroom activities, (2) small group activities, and (3) a fieldwork activity.
To complete the course a final project will be conducted by each candidate
under the supervision of a faculty member and prior approval from the IRCS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following are the suggested
courses:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Introduction to the Red Cross movement.</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> (16 hours). The ICRC, the IFRC, and the IRCS. The
Geneva Convention, the Seville Agreement and other pertinent information
regarding the movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The SPHERE
Indicators and the WHO guidelines for psychological care will be discussed. It
is expected that the candidate will have the basic knowledge required by a Red
Cross volunteer and will be able to be inducted as a volunteer into the IRCS. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Disaster Preparedness and Response</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">. (45 hours) This course introduces crisis
intervention professionals to decisions and actions required at the disaster
site by local, state, and NHQ involved in disaster relief and reconstruction.
This module is designed to increase the audiences’ awareness of the nature and
management of disasters, leading to better performance in disaster preparedness
and response. By understanding the crisis intervention professional role, we
can describe a coherent and cohesive direction for people who are involved in
the field of crisis intervention during disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Rehabilitation to Reconstruction: From Disaster Mental
Health to Psychological Care</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">. (45
hours).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The training module
illustrates the key principles and strategies for effective rehabilitation and
reconstruction after a disaster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It highlights the constraints and opportunities provided by these stages
of recovery from impact of damaging events. It provides the crisis intervention
professional will understand the linkages between the various stages of the
psychological response in each of the phases within the disaster continuum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Management of Disaster Mental Health/Psychosocial care
in the DMC and the target geographical area</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(45 hours). This course will introduce
the concept of disaster management to the crisis intervention professionals.
The training process is designed to increase the awareness of the nature and
management of mental health and psychosocial health care during a disaster. The
participant will understand the nature and procedures of administrative crisis
intervention in the wake of disasters involving several specific operations,
such as:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>communicating with other
health and social services, coordinating, planning, monitoring and effective
delivery of mental health and psychosocial care to several affected sites at
the same time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Principles of Disaster Mental Health and psychosocial
care.</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> (45 hours).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mental Health services have a vital role to play in the
coordinated response to disaster in the community. A considerable body of
scientific research is now available to guide the formulation the appropriate
mental health and psychosocial care responses and help in the identification of
those who may require on-going support. This course is designed to explore the
existent body of scientific research and to identify principles that are
applicable to India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Physiology, psychology, and management of Stress</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">. (45 hours). This course is designed to teach
techniques that prevent and mitigate the psychological dysfunction which
exposure to traumatic situation like disasters may cause in the survivors and
first responders. It seeks to develop strategies that will provide persons with
the knowledge and skills to better understand, recognize, and manage their
emotional responses to traumatic situations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Stress mitigation in the schools and communities</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> (45 hours). The learner will comprehend the four
strategies for stress mitigation in schools and communities: training of
indigenous personnel and teachers, disaster preparedness and strategies for
stress management, how to utilize media to deliver messages related to stress
management, and care activities in the community. The method to provide
teachers and other school personnel with techniques that will assist in the
promotion, organization, development and evaluation of stress mitigation plans
in educational centers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Crisis, crisis intervention and psychological first
aid</span></b><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> (45 hours). The course will begin with a
discussion of the three forms of prevention (reduce the incidence of disorders;
minimize the harmful effects of events that have already occurred, repair
damage long after its original onset). Secondly, the course will help the
learner to name the basic strategies in crisis intervention: enhancement and
treatment strategies. Thirdly, the learner will learn to re-establish immediate
coping by utilizing strategies of psychological first aid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">At
the conclusion of the course of study and the completion of the 500 volunteer
hours of service, the candidate will receive a Certificate as a Crisis
Intervention Professional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Crisis
Intervention Specialists<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">The crisis intervention specialist will be prepared at
the State level. In each target State there will be about 35 specialists
trained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These individuals will be
assigned to the State Branch of the IRCS and will commit three (300) hours of
service. In the preparedness phase, the specialist will provide education about
stress mitigation to the schools and community. During a disaster they will be
responsible for the organization of the immediate response teams. They will
coordinate immediate crisis intervention and psychological first aid activities
to the survivors and emotional support activities for the first responders. The
pre-requisite for participation in this program is an advanced degree in education
or social work and/or experience in disaster preparedness and response. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">The role of the crisis intervention specialist will be
to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Advice the State Branch
staff on matters pertaining to disaster mental health and psychosocial care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Generate a list of mental
health professionals and volunteers in the community and develop a call-out
system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Provide disaster mental
health and psychosocial care education to the Technicians in the Branch level,
teachers, aanganwadi workers, and village members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Generate a vulnerability
map of all the target villages, in conjunction with local Branches,
participating communities and schools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Responsible for quarterly
simulations of DMH/PC response in the target villages and schools. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Develop knowledge of
instructional methodology appropriate to adults in the local Branches and the
target villages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 89.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Provide technical
assistance in development public relations activities that highlight mental
health for the communities and villages. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">To
perform these tasks the candidate will complete a 15-day program of study
consisting of five modules:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">The ICRC, IFRC, and the IRCS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">The Fundamental Principles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">The Seville Accord <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">WHO standards of response<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">SPHERE minimum indicators of service. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Elements of community development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Importance of community development in stress
mitigation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Situational leadership<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Communication skills.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Verbal and non-verbal behavior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Disaster preparedness, response and disaster mental
health/psychosocial care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Disaster preparedness and response<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Diagnosing the community strengths and needs through
mapping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Triage and Rapid Needs Assessment (WHO Rapid
Assessment of Mental health needs; WHO Mental health check list of frequent
complaints in emergencies; Composite International Diagnostic Interview)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Promoting disaster mental health and psychosocial care
in the villages and schools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Fundamentals of Instruction to support and implement
the DMH/PC program in schools and villages. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Developing community awareness campaigns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Approaching the press (print, TV, radio).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Stress mitigation in the community and schools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Psychological first aid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Crisis intervention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Stress management, relaxation exercises, and other
self-care activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Using community metaphors to encourage communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Visualization and affirmations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Returning to emotional wellness after a disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">At the conclusion of the course of study and the
completion of the 300 volunteer hours of service, the candidate will receive a
Certificate as a Crisis Intervention Specialist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Crisis
Intervention Technician<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
crisis intervention technician will become volunteers of the local Branch of
the Indian Red Cross Society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
group of individuals will be trained at the State level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This group will be responsible for
developing preparedness, stress mitigation, and recovery activities in selected
villages and schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
background of the participants will be that they are local Branch IRCS
volunteers, aanganwadis workers, teachers and others in the community with
disaster response experience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
technicians will be expected to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Respond through the local
Branch to provide Psychological First Aid if needed after a disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Conduct Rapid Needs
Assessment in target villages in the event of a disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Organize preparedness,
stress mitigation and response activities in the schools and villages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Review and prepare
existing materials to publicize disaster mental health and psychosocial care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Encourage social
networking through stress management activities in the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Develop community resource
centers with support of the Crisis Intervention Specialists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">To perform these tasks the candidate will participate
in an 80-hour program of study to be completed in eight days. The program will
consist of the following units:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Introduction to the ICRC, IFRC, and the IRCS. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">a. The Seville Agreement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">b. SPHERE indicators<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disaster mental health to psychosocial
care<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Psychological First Aid, crisis
intervention, information, education and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>referral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is a Rapid Needs Assessment and
how do to use the tool<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a.
WHO Rapid Needs Assessment Tool<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b.
WHO checklist for frequent complaints in emergencies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b.
ARC Rapid Needs Assessment Tool<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The community facilitator as an agent
of change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a.
Organizing the community<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b.
Assessment of community needs and protective factors as they <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>relate to disaster mental health and psychosocial care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
Promoting Mental Health and psychosocial care thought the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">d. Mental Health preventive and care activities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The teacher as the Stress
reduction manager in the schools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">a. Assess needs and protective factors in the school
as they relate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to mental health and psychosocial care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Develop an emergency response plan that includes feasible <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strategies to address risk situations in
the educational center. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Organize groups composed of teachers, children, and other school <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>personnel and parents that will
design a strategy of response <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to a possible situation of
emergency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Conduct simulations to test knowledge, skills and abilities <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of self-care, and the appropriate use of
materials and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>equipment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elements in developing a community
resource center that will foster <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>community reunification and networking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">The participant will receive a certificate as a Crisis
Intervention Technician after completing the academic requirements, the
practical experiences and 200 hours of volunteer services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">In the following years there will be promotion from
within the ranks so that a technician may qualify to participate in the
specialist course of study, and the specialist may qualify to participate in
the professional course of study.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-91040366820365458202014-12-04T08:06:00.004-08:002014-12-04T08:10:50.264-08:00<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><b>DEVELOPING STANDARDS FOR PSYCHOLOGIAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES POST-DISASTERS: IS THEIR CLEAR GUIDANCE FOR SERVICE PROVIDERS?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Dr. Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Senior Functional Advisor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Psychosocial Support Programs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">International Services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">American Red Cross</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Note to the Reader:</b> This monograph is part of the archival material collected from the inital years of the Tsunami Response by the American Red Cross. The mongraph became the approved program for psychosocial support response to the four tsunami affected countries (India, Indonesia, Maaldives and Sri Lanka) by Senior Leadership of the Tsunami Recovery Program on August 31, 2005 in a meeting held at the Taj Samudra-Colomo Sri Lanka. These early guidance materials were never considered or referenced by the "Psychosocial Programming Meta Evalaution-American Red Cross" prepared by Mr. Steve Powell (July 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Introduction</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
aftermath of a disaster is characterized by chaos, neighbors taking care of
neighbors and outside agencies (both GO’s and NGO’s) arriving at the site to
provide assistance. There is clear guidance of the how to provide for basic
needs, medical response, and water and sanitation needs. What is still lacking
in the field of disaster mental health and psychosocial support is clear
guidance of what constitute the universal standards to define “quality of care”
in psychosocial support programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The purpose of this paper is to discuss the existing standards for
psychosocial support programs. The paper concludes that there are fairly clear
standards for PSP response during the acute phase of a disaster. There is a
need to identify standards for longer-term support during the reconstruction
and development phases of the cycle of disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Preventive and proactive coping as the corner stone of
the American Red Cross PSP program<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The role of the American Red Cross psychosocial support
program is to assist survivors to develop preventive coping ability. Preventive
coping is an effort to prepare for uncertain events in the long run. The aim is
to build up general resistance resources that result in less strain in the
future by minimizing the severity of the impact. Thus, the consequences of
stressful events, should they occur, would be less severe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In preventive coping, individuals consider a critical
event that may or may not occur in the distant future. Examples of such events
are job loss, forced retirement, crime, illness, physical impairment, or
disaster. When people has a yearly medical check-up, save money, maintain
social bonds, participate in community mapping or is part of a response plan in
the community and school they cope in a preventive way and build up protection
without knowing whether they will ever need it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The other part of the psychosocial support program is to
learn and practice proactive coping.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proactive coping reflects efforts to build up general
resources that facilitate promotion toward challenging goals and personal
growth. In proactive coping, people hold a vision. They see risks, demands, and
opportunities in the distant future. They perceive demanding situations as
personal challenges. Coping becomes goal management. Individuals are proactive
in the sense that they initiate <span style="color: black;">constructive path of
action and create opportunities for growth. The proactive individual strives
for life improvement and builds up resources that ensure progress and quality
of functioning. Proactively creating better living conditions and higher
performance levels is experienced as an opportunity to render life meaningful
or to find purpose in life. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">Preventive and proactive coping are partly
manifested in the same kinds of overt behaviors, such as skill development, resource
accumulation, and long-term planning. Proactive individuals are motivated to
meet challenges, and they commit themselves to their own personal high-quality
standards. </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Sense of Place” or the search for meaning
after a disaster<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lazarus (1991) reports that the process of
appraisal constructs an emotional meaning of a person-environment relationship.
Whether a situation is relevant to one's goals, beliefs, or values is
determined by a number of more or less automatic decisions concerning a particular
encounter. In terms of Lazarus’ theory, a situation would be appraised as or
given meaning as being relevant or no relevant, posing a threat, harm/loss, or
challenge (Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Creating meaning in
terms of appraisal is suggested to help determine the personal significance of
an adaptation encounter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="tab-stops: 243.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Folkman and Moskowitz
(2000) argue that the construal of meaning not only serves to estimate the
relevance of a situation and choice of coping, but also plays a vital role for coping
behavior itself, especially coping that supports positive affect.. Searching
for meaning, can be considered a broad category of positive coping, including
situational and global meaning, benefit-finding, and benefit-reminding, among
others. Empirical evidence attests to the fact that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mollica,
Lopez Cardozo, Osofsky, Raphael, Ager and Solama (2005) <span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">suggest that most relief
organizations, including the American Red Cross, provide psychosocial
interventions based on a primary concern for the psychological and social
well-being of the individual, but extending to the repair of community social
structures.</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 4.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">The term psychosocial</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 4.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">emphasizes the dynamic
relations between psychological effects (e.g., emotions, behaviors, and memory)
and social effects (e.g., altered relations as a result of death, separation,
and family and community breakdown). Psychosocial interventions try to assist
survivors to identify their “Sense of place”, on the assumption that</span><span style="color: black;"> meaning and positive emotions help to
restore an individual’s world view and may build additional personal resources.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The standards developed by several agencies discussed
below provide a “road map” to assist the survivors and program developers in
introducing interventions that helps restore the worldview of survivors. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SPHERE Humanitarian
Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In
October 2004, the SPHERE project proposed a standard 3 <b>“Control of
non-communicable diseases: mental and social aspects of health” </b>under the
Health section.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The underlying
assumption is that it is recognized from previous disaster experiences that a
disaster affects the social and psychological well-being of a survivor and
therefore both components must be addressed within the context of community
based interventions and in coordination with the community of survivors. The
standard proposes two types of interventions:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>social and psychological. The table below summarizes the
interventions per category and includes a column for guidance notes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Table 1: Table for
psychological and social interventions and guidance notes in the SPHERE Health
standard # 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -12.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-insideh: cell-none; mso-border-insidev: cell-none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191; width: 477px;">
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<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Psychological
Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Social Interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Guidance Notes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">People have access to
credible information on the disaster and associated relief efforts <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Information should
explain the nature and scale of the disaster and on efforts to establish
physical safety for the population. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Information pertaining
to specific types of relief activities being undertaken by the government,
local authorities and aid organizations, and their location.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Information should be
uncomplicated (understandable to local 12-year-olds) and empathic<span class="grame">.(</span>showing understanding of the situation of the disaster
survivor). (See Guidance Note 1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Normal cultural and
religious events are maintained or reestablished.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">People are able to
conduct funeral ceremonies (including grieving rituals conducted by relevant
spiritual and religious practitioners).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Families should have
the option to see the body of a loved one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Unceremonious disposal of bodies of
the deceased should be avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(See Guidance note 2).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Survivors experiencing
acute mental distress have access to psychological first aid at health
service facilities and in the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Acute distress
following exposure to traumatic stressors is best managed following the
principles of psychological first aid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Trained personnel
provide basic, non-intrusive pragmatic care with a focus on listening but not
forcing talk; assessing needs and ensuring that basic needs are met;
encouraging but not forcing company from significant others; and protecting
from further harm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This type of first aid
can be taught quickly to both volunteers and professionals. (see guidance note 3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Care for urgent
psychiatric complaints are available through the primary health care system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Essential psychiatric
medications, consistent with the essential drug list, are available at
primary care facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Survivors with
pre-existing psychiatric disorders continue to receive relevant treatment,
and harmful, sudden discontinuation of medications is avoided. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Basic needs of patients
in custodial psychiatric hospitals are addressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Psychiatric conditions
requiring urgent care include dangerousness to self or others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Recommendations should
be made to family members to seek help for the survivor in the health care
system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(see guidance note 4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span>If the disaster becomes protracted, plans are
initiated to provide a more comprehensive range of community-based
psychological interventions for the post-disaster phase <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As soon as resources
permit, children and adolescents have access to formal or informal schooling
and to normal recreational activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Adults and adolescents
are able to participate in common interest activities, such as emergency
relief activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span>Isolated persons, have access to activities that
facilitate their inclusion in social networks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The community is
consulted regarding decisions on where to locate religious places, schools,
water points and sanitation facilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The design of
settlements for displaced people includes recreational and cultural space.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Interventions should be based on an
assessment of existing services and an understanding of the socio-cultural
context. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Interventions should
include use of functional, cultural coping mechanisms of individuals and
communities to help them regain control over their circumstances. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Collaboration with
community leaders and indigenous healers is recommended.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Community-based self-help groups
should be encouraged. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Community workers
should be trained and supervised to assist health workers with heavy
caseloads and to conduct outreach activities to facilitate care for
vulnerable groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(see guidance note 5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
standard emphasizes the relationship between the social and psychological and
encourages that both realms be attended too simultaneously. Social and
psychological indicators are discussed separately. The term ‘social
intervention’ is used for those activities that primarily aim to have social
effects. The term ‘psychological intervention’ is used for interventions that
primarily aim to have a psychological (or psychiatric) effect. It is
acknowledged that social interventions have secondary psychological effects and
that psychological interventions have secondary social effects, as the term
‘psychosocial’ suggests (SPHRE, 2004). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">While this standard is an important first
step in providing psychosocial support post disasters it only provides guidance
for the acute phase of the response. The standard falls short of suggesting
indicators for the rehabilitation and reconstruction phases. There are three major issues that need
to be addressed in future revisions to this Social and psychological standard.
(1) Although there are suggestions capacity building of community workers and
other to provide psychological first aid as well as to assist heath care
workers, there is no guidance as to duration, scope, sequence, or the nature of
supervision post training session.
(2) Indicators pertaining to social interventions must be included,
especiall as it relates to the isolated persons, and the internally displaced
and host families. (3) The third down fall of the standard it the suggestion of
formal and informal schooling without an indicator of type, place, and period
of time acceptable for this intervention.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">World Health
Organization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
World Health Organization has taken the lead in devising strategies that will
provide relief from stress and lead to social and psychological wellness of
communities and survivors. The three major points that have been brought to the
fore by WHO: (1) Psychosocial support to disaster victims is crucial. (2) There
can be no one “universal formula” for dealing with the social and psychological
needs and for all types of disasters. (3) The realization that those delivering
psychosocial support services need to be well versed with the culture and way
of life of disaster survivors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Immediately
after a disaster, the community itself usually provides the support system,
including psychosocial support. Strategies should be developed to enhance a
community’s inbuilt capability to develop psychosocial support in the immediate
aftermath of the disaster. Many times, community members may <span class="grame">downplay the</span>
importance of traditional methods such as, chanting, meditation and counseling
from within the community by senior members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The WHO promotes a community-focused
psychosocial approach to mental health care in disasters. The term 'social
intervention' describes those activities that primarily aim to have social
effects, and 'psychological intervention' for interventions that primarily aim
to have a psychological effect. This distinction was made with the explicit
acknowledgment that social interventions usually have secondary psychological
effects and that psychological interventions may have secondary social effects.
This approach addresses psychosocial needs in a holistic manner and places
mental health interventions within a wider context such as education or health
care. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">WHO’s
policy on mental health and psychosocial support to disaster victims is that it
should be community-based and culturally appropriate and take into account the
needs of special groups such as children, women, the elderly, etc. WHO
recommends that psychosocial support be provided to affected communities by
community-based workers who understand the needs of disaster victims and are
trained by experts in psychosocial support methodologies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
role of the WHO lies in defining the psychosocial and mental health needs of
the community, establishing technical guidelines to be used, providing
technical support to governments, NGOs and other stakeholders involved in
psychosocial support, as well as training people for implementation of
psychosocial support strategies, monitoring and evaluation of programs and
working with governments to develop mental health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Van Omeren, Saxena and Saraceno (2005)
represent the current thinking of WHO.
In there article entitled “Mental and social health during and after
acute emergencies: Emerging consensus?” they propose a model for mental and
social health for the post emergency phase of a disaster. They suggest that there are two core
social strategies that should be followed: (1) encourage continuation with
normal activities, and 2) active participation in community activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Organizing community self-help support groups
will provide a powerful form of assistance by encouraging problem sharing,
brainstorming for solution, and identifying effective ways of coping,
generation of mutual emotional support, and promotion of local initiatives. The
community members may focus on alleviating poverty and plan economic
redevelopment activities such as income generations through community planning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As
part of the SPHERE project WHO has been instrumental in the development of
standards of services The suggestions made by WHO may be found included in the SPHERE standards (2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Interagency Network
for Education in Emergencies (INEE) standards<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
most stable institution after a major disaster it the concept of school be that
actual or figurative. INEE
contends that All individuals have a right to education. Education in
emergencies, and during chronic crises and early reconstruction efforts, can be
both life-saving and life-sustaining. It can save lives by protecting against
exploitation and harm and by disseminating key survival messages, it promotes
psychosocial well-being. It sustains life by offering structure, stability and
hope for the future during a time of crisis, particularly for children and
adolescents. Education in emergencies also helps to heal the pain of bad
experiences, build skills, and support conflict resolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies (MSEE) are designed for use in
emergency response, and may also be useful in emergency preparedness and in
humanitarian advocacy. They are applicable in a wide range of situations,
including natural disasters and armed conflicts. The standards use ‘emergency’
as a generic term to cover two broad categories: ‘natural disasters’ and
‘complex emergencies’. Access and
learning environments Standard 2indicates that <span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">governments, communities and humanitarian
organizations have a responsibility to ensure that all individuals have access
to relevant, quality education opportunities, and that learning environments are
secure and promote both protection and the mental, emotional and physical
well-being of learners (INEE, p. 39).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
indicator provides for teachers and other education personnel to be provided
with the skills to give psychosocial support to promote learners’ emotional
well-being. Emotional and mental well-being is to be understood in the full
sense of what is good for a person: security, protection, quality of service,
happiness and warmth in the relations between education providers and learners.
The activities used to ensure learners’ well-being should focus on enhancing
sound cognitive development, solid social interactions and good health.
Ensuring well-being also contributes to learners’ successful completion of a
formal or non-formal education program.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">American Red Cross
suggested indicators for community and school based interventions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
American Red Cross psychosocial support program is <span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">community-based, and the
interventions promote well-being.
All activities suggested by the psychosocial support program recognize
that </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">ultimately,
disaster-affected communities must be the architects of their own psychosocial
recovery. The participants in the
program are expected to make the program sustainable at an individual and
community basis by establishing their “Sense of Place” post disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">The PSP program falls within the realm of community
psychology. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The program assists the community to identify person-environment
interactions and the ways society impacts upon individual and community
functioning. The community interface with social institutions, and other
settings that influence individuals, groups, and organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PSP staff assists the
community to systematically examine the ways individuals interact with other
individuals, social groups, clubs, churches, schools, families, neighborhoods,
and the larger culture and environment. Community facilitators assist the
community to examine various social issues including poverty, formal and
informal education, <a href="http://www.communitypsychology.net/library/A-E.shtml#comdev">community
development</a>, risk and protective factors, empowerment, diversity,
prevention, intervention, high risk behaviors, and other topics as they are
raised by the community support groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The American Red Cross
personnel have conduced qualitative assessment in various countries in South
and Southeast Asia and found that there are needs for behavioral health
personnel as well as an infrastructure for mental health. The table below presents the challenges
and opportunities that were faced by program developers in the field.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt;">Table
2: Table
for challenges and opportunities in helping survivors define their “sense of
place”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><h1>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Source<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Challenge<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Opportunity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Integration of program from theory to
practice<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Transference of a knowledge base from
Western countries was easiest by using internet public domain articles vs.
using consultation with the surviving communities to develop local models.<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 216.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 216.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Systematized integration of ARC domestic Disaster Mental Health
technology into each local reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 216.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 216.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Develop a pool of “different” volunteers with specialized skills
in psychosocial support<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 216.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Generate program infrastructure through the
National Society as to guarantee the quality of “new” volunteers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Determination of Needs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Needs assessment tools were quantitative in nature and
did not yield the necessary data for psychosocial response.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Used participatory assessment and focused groups to
develop a list of protective factors identified as facilitating recovery and
reconstruction at an individual and community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Materials development<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Linguistic
adaptation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cultural
adaptation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Technical adaptation<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Translation and back translation of materials from outside of
the country used committee approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Material shared with various community members of diverse age
groups in each country for cultural applicability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Materials reviewed by MoH, and Psychological
Association in each country for technical appropriateness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Identifying a Capacity
Building model</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Capacity Building based on existing mental health
infrastructure for clinically based mental health. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Emphasis on referral to
health facilities when there was no referral sources available.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">A continuum of skills was developed.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Re-certification process every six month.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"> Practicum for a certain number of hours with supervision.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Development of delivery tools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Most material available immediately after the tsunami
were developed from the internet.
They were in many occasions not culturally or technical appropriate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">All materials have been developed in a format
such that a 3rd grade level reading skill. Low content, high interest.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">•
Visual materials are included in all manuals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">• Non-verbal tools available at every level.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Monitoring and Evaluation</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Development of indicators that
measure knowledge, behavioral and attitude change not readily available in
the industry</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">•
Utilized naturalistic methods to gather information of KAP from the
community and schools.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 297.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">• Utilized quantitative data to record the numbers of
participants in capacity building activities, volunteer hours, and number and
gender of beneficiaries</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
table above present areas of challenges and opportunities faced during the
development of the psychosocial support program. The areas that were most
critical were language and cultural competence of the staff. A disaster of the magnitude of the
super cyclone in Orissa, the Gujarat Earthquake of the Tsunami requires
knowledge of language culture, recognition of protective factors, and the
perceptions of “loss of place” expressed by the survivors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Health
facilities at the community level are ill equipped or non-existent, behavioral
science professionals are not readily available and the hospital with
psychiatrist units are ill equipped to handle the distress and practical needs
of he many survivors. In visiting the affected communities and from preliminary
assessments it was determined that schools were operational, and that teachers
and others in the community could initiative the necessary support needed so that
survivors could begin to address their practical, and psychosocial needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Some
types of interventions will occur even without the assistance of first
responders or behavioral health professionals. The survivors will almost
immediately begin to address their practical needs such as self and family
care. Survivors will utilize their protective skills to overcome suffering and
tends not to depend on outside aid. It is important to mention that
psychological first aid, a first order intervention, takes into consideration
the physical and emotional energy, and provides food, water, and warmth to the
survivors. The role of PSP is to set the stage for interventions in camps by
other responders such as water sanitation, camp construction, and the clean up
phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The American Red Cross PSP program has identified
some social interventions, which can be instituted immediately after the
disaster has stricken. Providing psychological first aid to the adult
survivors. For children and adolescent the creation of a safe space for play,
enabling formal and informal schooling, and involving community member of clean
up activities and the beginning of finding “the sense of place” are identified
in this realm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Psychological
support, in the form of psychological first aid, by teachers, healers and
leaders and others in the community are extremely valuable. As time passes the
operational training will have to be followed up, in the case of teachers, and
community leaders with more formal activities. Each activity should include
supervision. Each community and school should within the first six months post
disaster have developed plans to take care of practical, medical and
psychosocial needs in the event of a disaster.<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Material development, staff development activities
and the best delivery system will be defined together with the community and
school. All activities must be culturally, linguistically, and technically
appropriate, and should be reviewed by the community of survivors as well as
the professional organizations of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Having identified the challenges and opportunities
and based on the existing standards, the American Red Cross made a practical
decision to initiate programs in target schools and communities. The standards
utilized was a combination of SPHERE, WHO, UNICEF, and INEE. The table below presents behaviors that
have been identified by the program as outcomes of the interventions,
performance indicators, and impact indicators for communities and schools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Table
3: Table for behaviors to be supported
by the PSP program with outputs and indicators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-insideh: cell-none; mso-border-insidev: cell-none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.85pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Behaviors
that the program is going to reinforce<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.1pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Performance
Indicators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.4pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Impact
indicators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Community<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Impact
indicator School<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.85pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Survivors participate in <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">assessing, planning, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Implementing psychosocial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">support activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Community resources are identified,
mobilized and used to implement psychosocial support programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Relevant and structured</span><span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">training on
psychosocial support provided.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Creative and expressive activities
used to evaluate the psychosocial well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">. </span><span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Supervision and support mechanisms
on a regular basis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #424a72; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.0pt;">Community activities take into
account the psychosocial well-being.<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.1pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Number of key decisions involving
Survivors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">List of community resources readily
available and used in community reconstruction activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Number of trained and re-certified
teachers, community facilitators and Red Cross volunteers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Number of creative and expressive
activities with participation of survivors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Evidence of supervision and follow-up
training sessions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">All community activities focus on
psychosocial well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.4pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ensure that survival needs are met<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Return to work (Community members are
active participants in their recovery and reconstruction).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Normalize daily life (children go
back to school, women to the chores at home and man back to work outside).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Re-establish relationships among
family and community members<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Religious and traditional ceremonies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Family and community support work
participate in planning for the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Community human capital identified and engaged in the
reconstruction of the community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">All school age children and adolescent return to school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Informal education is being conducted
for community members and persons not in school. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Play and recreation activities for
all children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">•School-based
Psychosocial Support activities to include psychological first aid, self
care, and information sharing with the families and community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">•Drama, arts &
cultural activities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">•Resilience activities</span><span style="display: none; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">The table above looks at how the American Red Cross
PSP program has made a practical decision to focus on communities and schools,
to foster the identification of a “sense of place” by the community and school.
The standard are a composite from SPHERE and INEE. By using existing standards and developing activities well
into the reconstruction phase, the ARC/PSP program serves as a resource to the
target communities and schools while exploring new techniques of delivery based
on existing standards. At the end of three years the evaluation of field
activities will yield valuable information to generate a set of universal
standards, indicators, and activities that lead to a systematization of
psychosocial support as a core activity from immediate response to
reconstruction after large disasters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">The community taking into account behaviors changes
in all its members will measure the expected results of the suggested
activities and expected outcomes. One way that the American Red Cross PSP
program will be looking at these results by identifying five areas individual
of sustainability. It is
expected that after three years the evaluation of the program will be able to
identify these sustainability, and the resultant behavior changes in community
members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Table 4: Table for
Sustainability as a result of psychosocial support programs on survivors
seeking to identify their “sense of place”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-insideh: cell-none; mso-border-insidev: cell-none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Area of
sustainability</b><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid green 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid green 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Behaviors associated
with sustainability</b><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Cultural
sustainability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sense of
pride about cultural identity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Survivors
have ways that encourage conversations and sharing stories, and information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Presentation
of the community history in skits to all members<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Ecological
sustainability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Contribute
to planting trees and shrubbery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Hydroponics
farms in schools and communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Participate
in the establishment of outdoor seating, walking paths, visually appealing
landscapes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Problem solving sustainability<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Survivors
experiment with new ideas and new cluster of ideas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
Survivors identify community problems, identify a solution and address the
problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Survivors participate in
information interaction with all community members<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Human capital sustainability<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Survivors identify economic
opportunities in the community.<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Survivors develop the necessary skills
to become a resource to the
community.
<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Solution oriented sustainability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="311"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Survivors try to understand the tsunami and its
implications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">• <span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Younger survivors are encouraged to become
creators of knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">• <span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Survivors have a chance to create their own formal
and informal learning agenda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">•<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;"> Teachers become guides, co-learners, and brokers of community resources.</span><span style="display: none; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="0"></td>
<td width="24"></td>
<td width="6"></td>
<td width="122"></td>
<td width="22"></td>
<td width="14"></td>
<td width="12"></td>
<td width="468"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="29"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" height="29" style="vertical-align: top;" valign="top" width="494"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 1;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1026">
<h3>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></h3>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="175"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="39"></td>
<td></td>
<td align="left" colspan="5" height="39" style="vertical-align: top;" valign="top" width="176"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 2;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1027">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></span></td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Summary and Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">The American Red Cross has been engaged in the
development of disaster mental health domestically and psychosocial support
activities internationally for at least twenty-five years. The approaches have
been tested in complex emergencies such as Kosovo, and in many disasters in the
Americas and South Asia. The
framework has been identified and systematized. Currently the program is
looking at the standards that have been set forth by international groups to
make sure that any PSP program addresses the standards and surpass
recommendations for quality services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">The one area that is still under preparation is how
to conduct needs assessment that truly presents the needs of the
survivors. The suggestions that
has been made by the field is that systematic assessment should be the norm,
while administering psychological first aid for those in need. A rapid assessment would tell us what
is the magnitude of damage. The systematic assessment would give us suggestions
from the community and survivors about what they need to feel resilient and to
move forward. </span> Ethnographically informed quantitative
measures will have to be generated for each community and each disaster to
provide the information needed for planning, implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation.<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
coming years will make evidence based psychosocial support the norm. Only then
will planners be able to determine unit of cost of providing culturally,
linguistically and technically competent psychosocial support.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">
Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Ager A. (2002). Psychosocial needs in complex
emergencies. Lancet ; 360 (suppl 1): S43–44.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ager
A. (2000). Psychosocial programs: principles and practice for research and
evaluation. In: Ahearn F, ed. Psychosocial wellness of refugees: issues in
qualitative and quantitative research. New York: <span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Berghahn, 2000: 24–40.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Ahearn FL (ed): Psychosocial Wellness of Refugees:
Issues in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. New York and Oxford: Berghahn
Books, 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Bolton P, Weiss W: Communicating across cultures:
Improving translation to improve complex emergency program effectiveness.
Prehosp Disast Med 2002;16(4):252–256.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Burkle FM, Bolton P, Watson PJ: <span class="goohl0">Disaster</span>-Related
<span class="goohl1">Mental </span><span class="goohl2">Health</span>
Interventions: Review of the Published Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University, 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Center
for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Developing
cultural competence in disaster mental health programmes: guiding principles
and
recommendations.2003:http://media.shs.net/ken/pdf/SMA033828/CulturalCompetence_FINALwithcovers.pdf
(accessed August 1, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. (2000).
Positive affect and the other side of coping. <u>American Psychologist, 55</u>,
647-654. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Inter-Agency
Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) (2004). Minimum standards for
education, in emergencies, chronic crisis, and early reconstruction. Paris,
France: INEE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lazarus, R. S. (1966). <u>Psychological
stress and the coping process</u>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lazarus, R. S. (1991). <u>Emotion and
adaptation</u>. New York: Oxford University Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). <u>Stress,
appraisal, and coping</u>. New York: Springer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">Mollica, R.F., Lopes Cardozo, B. , Osofsky, H J,
Raphael,B., Ager, A., and Salama,
P. (2004)</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Mental health in complex
emergencies. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;">Lancet
364: 2058–67<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sphere Project (2004). Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards
in Disaster Response. Geneva: Sphere Project. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">Spradley J: The Ethnographic Interview. Fort Worth,
USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1979.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Silove, D., Zwi, A.B. (January 22, 2005). </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Translating compassion into psychosocial aid after
the tsunami. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">The
Lancet. Vol 365, 268-270.</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">UNESCO.
Education in situations of emergency and crisis: challenges for the new
century. Thematic studies. World education forum: education for all 2000
assessment. France: UNESCO, 2001. <span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001234/123484e.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">(accessed August 1, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Van
Omeren, M, Saxena, S., and Saraceno, B. (2005). Mental and social health during and
after acute emergencies: Emerging
consensus? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83: 71-76.<span style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">World
Health Organization. (2005). Manual for community level worker to provide
psychosocial care to communities affected b the tsunami disaster. New Delhi:
SEARO. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="berschrift1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-33730648801410678462014-12-04T06:44:00.002-08:002014-12-04T09:08:03.663-08:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b>An operational definition of “sense of place”</b></h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">JOPD </span></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;">(12/04/2014)</span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
“Sense of place” is operationally defined is an affective
bond between people and place or setting (Steele, 1981). Fisherman who survived
the tsunami are consistently saying that they want to return to the sea. They
identify their experience as “love”, “freedom” or “challenge.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is really something that we create
ourselves in the course of time (Jackson, 1994). It is the result of habit or
custom and it is reinforced by a series of recurring events.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
Hummon (1992) defines sense of place as a subjective
perceptions and feelings that people have of their environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sense of place has a dual nature, on
the one hand it interprets the environment, and on the other<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there is an emotional reaction to the
environment. Hutton indicates that “sense of place involves a personal
orientation toward place, in which one’s understanding of place, and one’s
feelings about place become fused in the context of environmental meaning.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Table for relationships to place, type of bond and process</span></h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Relationship</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Type of
bond<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Process<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bibliographical<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Historical and familial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Birth and living in a place,
develops overtime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Spiritual<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Emotional and intangible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Feeling a sense of belonging,
simply felt rather than created.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ideological<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn3" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Moral and ethical<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Responsibility to place,
guidelines may be religious or secular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Narrative<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn4" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mythical<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Learning about a place through
stories, including: creation myths, family histories, political accounts, and
fictional accounts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Comodified<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn5" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cognitive (based on choice and
desirability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Choosing a place based on a
list of desirable traits and lifestyle preferences, comparison of actual
places with an ideal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dependent<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftn6" name="_ftnref" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[6]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Material<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Constrained by lack of choice,
dependency on another person or the government, and a changing economic
opportunity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
The strongest and most enduring relationships are based on the strong
identification with the place and relative long residence. Bibliographical
relationships require time to develop, and are strongest in communities in
which one has spent more time. Spending time in a place creates memories and
experiences, which become part of a person’s individual and community identity.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People identify their relation to place
in an intuitive sense which is difficult to measures. These are intuitive
connections, which express a sense of belonging, sometimes mystical and
intangible. </div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A weel articulated ideology about how
to life in a place (ie. Religious communities or ethnic enclaves). </div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We grow up with stories of a palce
which teaches us about the history and our relationship to that history. You
grow up speaking the same language, listening to stories about neighbors,
trees, rocks and other parts of the eenvironment within our sight. (ie. Family
histories, fictional accounts, local lore, moral tales, national myths, and
political accounts.)</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Choice defines this characteristic. The
ability to choose a place with the best possible combination of desirable
features. The comodified relationship is related to dissatisfaction with one
community and the quest to find a more desirable place. These relationships are
more cognitive and physical than emotional (ie. Displaced person by a
disaster).</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8347525160608426447#_ftnref" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[6]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dependent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relationships. Typically these
relationships are the result of having either no choice<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or severe limitation on choice (ie.
Children that who are dependent on therir parents, or elderly who move close to
the caretakers, or a person that moves to a different job because of romantic
attachments.</div>
</div>
</div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8347525160608426447.post-82718563126065395422014-09-28T16:33:00.000-07:002014-09-28T16:44:11.397-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>CONCEPT PAPER</b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>America can be a courageous leader in a world coalition for Peace in support of those impacted by ISIS</b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Joseph O. Prewitt Diaz, PhD</div>
<br />
When one looks at the world from the safety of the United States, one sees chaos, turbulence, crisis, incivility and lack of leadership. Last week the President faced the United Nations and plainly spelled out his agenda “we have to face violence with violence because they (ISIS) doesn’t understand any other way”. He gave into the challenge of a small group, without considering the implications of heightening conflict. How many women, children, the elderly and the differently abled will be impacted by the new coalition of confrontation through bombs.<br />
<br />
There may be another way to excerpt leadership: a coalition of peace builders. America has done this before in Europe and Asia, as well as within during the great depression and over coming the grief and fear that captured America after September 11 terrorist attacks. Many of the current international partners subscribe to the Holiest Books of their religious affiliation and acknowledge that “Blessed are the peace makers because they will be called children of God Almighty/Allah the Merciful/ Yahweh the Father of Abraham.<br />
<br />
<b>The problem: </b> How do we engage a core group of American people in a dialogue that utilizes creative problem solving to develop a world coalition that will alleviate the impact of displacement, destruction, and despair resulting in a stronger more resilient population?<br />
<br />
<b>Participants:</b> Representatives from Department of Homeland Security, the military, volunteer organizations, the Red Cross, Interaction, faith based groups, and other members of the civil society that have a history of involvement during and post humanitarian crisis<br />
<br />
<b>Method:</b><br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A meeting sponsored by the U.S. Institute of Peace that focuses on: (1) the problem and the geography impacted (the Middle East is too broad, the refuges population too narrow); (2) Emergency health, public health, protection of the survivors of conflict, development of a national and regional framework; (3) Develop a protocol that will impact the affected people, the mechanics to be developed by each group, and the courageous leadership steps necessary in the immediate short term and during (while thee military intervention is taking place), and the immediate reconstruction.<br />
<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The President of the United States on behalf of the American people commits to the recommendations of this group, actively seeks funding from Congress, and participation from other nations. Thus creating a broad coalition for peaceful response to ISIS actions.<br />
<br />
<b>Monitoring</b>:<br />
<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The President approves the plan and commits to advocacy and funding.<br />
<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The U.S. Crisis Corps is generated and deployed to the immediate conflict areas and serve in conjunction to the UN and the International Red Cross.<br />
<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Immediate support is visible in the impacted areas, and the concerned agencies will conduct the necessary community assessments, engagement, training, and support to the population.<br />
<br />
4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Each group will develop its own recovery plan, and determine the physical, emotional and spiritual needs to move forward.<br />
<br />
5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The impacted population with assistance from the U.S. Crisis Corps and other international parties, move back to their countries to fill the vacuum left by the impact of hostile actions between the warring parties.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Joseph O. Prewitt Diazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15879650998578520434noreply@blogger.com0